Anthropology 101 Midterm

Question 1

Jane Goodall

Answer 1

is a primatologist most known for her long-term study of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania.

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material.

Question 3

Gametes

Answer 3

Gamete, sex, or reproductive, cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Question 6

Recessive/dominant

Answer 6

The terms dominant and recessive describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits. That is, they describe how likely it is for a certain phenotype to pass from parent offspring. Sexually reproducing species, including people and other animals, have two copies of each gene

Question 7

ABO system

Answer 7

a system of four basic types (A, AB, B, and O) into which human blood may be classified, based on the presence or absence of certain inherited antigens

Question 8

Mendel/pea plants

Answer 8

Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.

Question 9

Unit factors

Answer 9

a gene; a sequence of nucleotides that functions as the hereditary unit for a single character

Question 10

Linkage

Answer 10

Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing over.

Question 11

Point mutation

Answer 11

A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base.

Question 12

Autosomal recessive

Answer 12

Autosomal recessive is one of several ways that a trait, disorder, or disease can be passed down through families. An autosomal recessive disorder means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop

Question 13

Sickle cell

Answer 13

Sickle cell disease is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body.

Question 14

Huntington Disease

Answer 14

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It deteriorates a person’s physical and mental abilities during their prime working years and has no cure.

Question 15

Non-coding regions

Answer 15

In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism’s DNA that do not encode protein sequences

Question 16

PKU

Answer 16

Autosomal recessive condition that leads to the accumulation of large quantities of the amino acid phenylalanine, causing mental retardation and other phenotypic abnormalities.

Question 17

Linkage

Answer 17

Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing over.

Question 18

Involuntary sterilization

Answer 18

also known as forced or coerced sterilization, programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical or other sterilization.

Question 19

Natural selection

Answer 19

Differential reproductive success over multiple generations.

Question 20

Directional Selection

Answer 20

Natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population.

Question 21

Gene Flow

Answer 21

In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another

Question 22

Genetic Bottleneck

Answer 22

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide)

Question 23

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 23

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

Question 24

Homologous

Answer 24

Members of the same pair of chro- mosomes (or autosomes). Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during meiosis.

Question 25

Derived characteristics

Answer 25

Ancestral traits are what the modern and ancestors had. A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, and previous one didn’t. The Difference Between Ancestral Traits and Derived Traits

Question 26

Allopatric speciation

Answer 26

In allopatric speciation, geographic sepa-
ration between two populations of the same species
triggers the emergence of a new species

Question 27

Kin selection

Answer 27

natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their kin (who share a proportion of their genes)

Question 28

Microevolution

Answer 28

The study of evolutionary phenom- ena that occur within a species.

Question 29

Blood type distribution

Answer 29

There are 4 main blood groups A, B, AB and O, of which group O is the most common (47% of population).

Question 30

Rh factor maternal-fetal incombatibilty

Answer 30

If you become pregnant with an Rh-positive baby (fetus), the antibodies can destroy your fetus’s red blood cells. This can cause anemia.

Question 31

Lactase enzyme

Answer 31

People who are lactose intolerant have trouble digesting the milk sugar lactose. Lactase is an enzyme that splits the milk sugar lactose, to produce the sugars glucose and galactose.

Question 32

Primate characteristics

Answer 32

1. specialized hands and feet (pentadactyly, prehensile hands and feet, opposable thumbs and big toes, flat nails, heightened sense of touch);
2. specialized forelimbs (ability to rotate and flex, presence of clavicle, or collarbone; brachiation);
3. visual acuity (stereoscopic vision, color vision);
4. an omnivorous diet;
5. a small number of offspring at birth;
6. prolongation of pregnancy and infancy;
7. enlargement of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
8. complexity of social behavior;

Question 33

Chimp diet

Answer 33

The chimpanzee is an omnivorous frugivore. It prefers fruit above all other food items and even seeks out and eats them when they are not abundant. It also eats leaves and leaf buds, seeds, blossoms, stems, pith, bark and resin. Insects and meat make up a small proportion of their diet, estimated as 2%.

Question 34

Lactase enzyme in humans.

Answer 34

Lactase. Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms. It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals. Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk; it breaks down lactose, a sugar which gives milk its sweetness.

Question 35

Mutations (location i.e. coding or noncoding regions, positive/negative/neutral)

Answer 35

Location is located in the coding and noncoding regions, however the mutations are passed on in the coding region only.

Question 36

Quantitative variation

Answer 36

Phenotypic variation that is characterized by the distribution of continuous variation. Expressed using a numerical measure within a population.

Question 37

Polygenic

Answer 37

Phenotypic traits that result from the combine action of more than one gene. Most complex traits are polygenic.

Question 38

Female parental investment vs male

Answer 38

female must bear most of the costs of reproduction: gestation, lactating, and nurtur- ing. Her level of parental investment is far greater than that of males.

Question 39

Traits used for racial groups

Answer 39

Because humans do not have fur, our skin is more directly exposed to the envi- ronment, and skin color is undoubtedly influenced by natural selection,

Question 40

Skin color around the globe

Answer 40

On a global scale, however, skin color is not a particularly good indicator of geographic origins or close genetic relationship. Populations from different parts of the world may have similar skin colors because they share a common environmental feature, namely the intensity of sunlight exposure. Very dark-skinned populations can be found in Africa, India, and Melanesia, but these populations do not share a recent common ancestry compared with other populations

Question 41

Prototheria

Answer 41

Mammals that reproduce by egg-laying and then nurse young from nipples. The Australian platy- pus and echidna are the only living monotremes.

Question 42

Monkey locomotion

Answer 42

All nonhuman primates are quadrupeds and walk on all four limbs, but there is great variation in the way they use their limbs

Question 43

Primate in Madagascar

Answer 43

The superfamily Lemuroidea is found only on Madagascar and con- sists of the families Lemuridae (true lemurs)

Question 44

Platyrrhini monkeys (are they new or old world)

Answer 44

Infraorder of the order Primates that is synonymous with the New World monkeys, or ceboids.