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Anthropology Review Sheet 1 and 2 > Anthropolgy Review Sheet 3-5 > Flashcards

Anthropolgy Review Sheet 3-5 Flashcards

Social Darwinism and Race V. Science and Ethnicity

1
Q

Why are there problems in the world today?

A

Racism and scientific ignorance

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2
Q

What is nature v nuture?

A

How best is it to explain human behavior
Nature: Human behavior is determined by one’s genetics (IN DARWINISM: RACE, GENDER, OR ETHNICITY). It has a fixed nature and has to keep to it to be successful. Laws are sadly going to be made to keep them within bounds

Nuture: Genetics play a role, but we are unique due. to making choices and adapting to and changing the world (through culture and cultural values) in successful ways (cultural diversity)

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3
Q

What was the dominant social and political philosophy in the West in the 19th century

A

Social Darwinism and Nature
they argued:
certain cultures are superior to others
the superior dominate the inferior
the inferior must become extinct

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4
Q

Why is it important to understand Social Darwinism?

A
  1. Foundation of early anthro. and responsible for the mistakes
    2.It’s still in our society
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5
Q

What is Anthropology’s connection with the other

A

The 1700s in France wanted to find the origins of humanity (social studies)- Europeans mainly
In the 1800s Anthro. became a practice to study the “other” (other than fully human)
the “other” is a social construct

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6
Q

Boundary Maintenance

A

The recognition of difference (A BOUNDARY)
neutral: just looking
positive: it is a good thing that we have diversity so we are more likely to survive
negative: enthrocentrism

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7
Q

Us-Other Dichotomy

A

Us: rational, religion, science, history, civilized
Other: irrational, superstition, magic, legends, savage

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8
Q

What is used to explain human origins and diversity

A

Anthropology: as a physical and social science
How they thought: who was the “other” and what is their relation to “us”

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9
Q

What are the two developments that will change the importance of anthropology and redefine our relation to the “other”

A

colonialsim and science

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10
Q

What is Colonialism?

A

The conquest of peoples and territory for monetary and political gain
THE FOUNDATION OF THE 19TH CENTURY GLOBAL ECONOMY

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11
Q

How did anthropologists help aid in colonialism?

A

They used their knowledge to control the other who MUST be tamed, trained, or (if the two don’t work or are too expensive) exterminated.

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12
Q

What are the TWO justifications “decreed by God” for colonialism

A

1.White Man’s Burden: the other isn’t human (they can own land) “God” gave the white man (His children) the burden of spreading civilization - taming nature and the “savage” (who can not change)
2. Manifest Destiny: “God” gave his children (the white man) a destiny- to civilize the world by taming nature and the “savage”

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13
Q

Who is the epitome of the White man’s burden and responsible for apartheid

A

Cecil Rhodes

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14
Q

What does 19th-century science help explain

A

natural reality

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15
Q

What is the theme of evolution (the basis of biology)

A

all life changes

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16
Q

What was Charles Darwin NOT

A

A social Darwinist

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17
Q

What was used to justify the othering of the other while using evolution

A

unilineal evolution

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18
Q

What was the idea of race of the 19th century

A

races are different species of beings

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19
Q

How was the “other” and humans, according to race, different (externally and physically)?

A

externally: physically
internally: characteristics

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20
Q

what were social Darwinists obsessed with

A

phenotypes

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21
Q

The five ideas of social Darwinism and Race

A
  1. race= different species
  2. multi-origins (polygenesis)
  3. races not equally human (unilineal evo.)
  4. justifies socio-economic and political policies
    slavery, colonialism, segregation
  5. “proven by science”- scientific racism
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22
Q

what is survival of the fittest

A

the strong will survive

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23
Q

the core idea of race

A

some races are superior than some

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24
Q

What is The Great Replacement Theory by Madison Grant

A

The “White Race” was being overwhelmed by the inferior races of the world.

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25
Q

What is Critical Race Theory?

A

“Race” is deeply embedded in our history and culture, we are conditioned to believe that it exists.

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26
Q

How many races are there?

A

zero

27
Q

What happens to anthropology in the 20th century?

A

A physical and social science to explain human origins and diversity.

28
Q

What are the 3 reasons for the rise of anthropology at the end of the 1800s

A
  1. Seek solutions to social problems in the West
  2. The other must be controlled
  3. The making of museums (AMNH, the Met, The British Museum) to “learn”
29
Q

What happens in the critical phase of AMERICAN anthropology in the late 1800s

A

The rejection of social Darwinism and the acceptance of science to explain human origins

29
Q

Who was the father of American Anthropology and what did he contribute

A

Franz Boas:
1. Creates the first postgraduate in American Anthropology (at Columbia University)
2. Emphasis on Fieldwork
3. He was an anti-social Darwinist

30
Q

What are the two opposing views on human origins and diversity?

A

Social Darwinism vs. Science
Race vs. ethnicity

31
Q

What will become the basis of our understanding of natural reality? WHY?

A

SCIENCE because science is the basis of technology, and technology is the base of our socio-economic system.

32
Q

What is the Age of Science?

A

The search for an answer to natural reality
(this includes human origins and diversity (anthro.)

33
Q

Why it’s important to study Darwinian evolution to understand anthro.?

A
  1. the scientific explanation of natural reality
  2. it disproves Social Darwinism (race)
34
Q

What are the two processes of genetic change?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Selection/Adaptation
35
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

an organism is fit for a specific environment, or changes must mutate genetically or become extinct.

36
Q

What is the span of the Mesozoic Era

A

251- 65 mya

37
Q

When was the Cretaceous Period
(ELE: Extinction Level Event)

A

145-65 mya
Earth is hit my aa very large meteor

38
Q

How much life went extinct during the Cretaceous?

A

75%, not enough time for the reign of the dinosaur

39
Q

What is the Cenozoic Era

A

The Rise of the Mammals

40
Q

What are the first true primates

A

catarrhine primates

41
Q

What are hominids

A

primates that evolve around 9-10mya
four members: gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans

42
Q

Why humans?

A

Adaptive Radiation

43
Q

Where does the hominid family start?

A

Africa but they left due to volcanic activity

44
Q

The largest change due to the creation of the rift valley

A

savannahs of East Africa

45
Q

What are the three major adaptations done by hominids

A
  1. Our thumbs are closer to our fingers (digital precision grip)
  2. The ability to be bipedal
  3. Cognitive Revolution
    a. spindle cells (abstract thinking, remember,
    create, plan, recognize patterns)
    MAKE CHOICES-CREATE CULTURE
46
Q

What are the ONLY homonid that’s alive today

A

Homo Sapiens

47
Q

Who was the most successful hominid

A

H. erectus

48
Q

What are the characteristics of H. erectus?

A
  1. Large brain
  2. Makes and uses tools
  3. Hunters
  4. Makes and uses fire
  5. Socially sophisticated
  6. Think abstractly
  7. Bury their dead
  8. Completely bipedal
  9. They will migrate out of Africa
49
Q

Where do H. sapiens originate

A

East Africa

50
Q

What is Out of Africa an example of?

A

Adaptive Radiation causing ethnic diversity

51
Q

What is ethnicity

A

Physical: phenotypical characteristics and minor biological differences
Cultural: History, Language, religion, dress, diet, values etc.

52
Q

What are the conditions for continued human evolution

A
  1. Adaption to a changing global environment
  2. Mixing of ethnic groups
    3.New diets and drugs
    4.New diseases
  3. Genetic manipulation
  4. New technology (AI)
    we have some control
53
Q

What geological era we are in right now?

A

The Anthropocene (the era in which humans impacts all life on Earth)

54
Q

What is genetic editing?

A

Specific and precise changing of genetic code to produce or eliminate species traits or features.

55
Q

What is therapeutic genetics

A

Using genetic editing to prevent diseases

56
Q

How is tech becoming like us

A

Have the ability to think, teach, and assist

57
Q

What is reproductive genetics

A

Choosing the traits to enhance things (cloning)

58
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence

A

Machines being capable to make things

59
Q

What are free-range humans

A

share the same environment and share genetic materials

60
Q

What is transhumanism?

A

Robosapiens: blending biology and technology

61
Q
A
62
Q
A

Anthropology Review Sheet 1 and 2 (5 decks)

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