Anthrop - Chap 5 - 7 Flashcards
parallel cousin
children of siblings of the same sex;
regarded as brother/sister; keep wealth/power in family;
MZ’s (mother’s sister’s) children & FB (father’s brother’s) children
gender roles
role assignments that have a clear cultural component; cultural expectations of men & women in a particular society, including the division of labor
cross-cousin
children of siblings of the opposite sex; a person’s cross-cousins are the father’s sisters’ children & the mother’s brothers’ children; reconnects the family
sororate
if wife dies and sister marries husband; marrying any relative of dead wife; obliges a woman to marry her deceased sister’s husband
levirate
reconnects the family as a result of death; marrying any relative of dead husband; custom whereby a man is obliged to marry his brother’s widow
genitor
biological father
pater
willing to assume parent role; social fatherhood
matrilocal residence
pattern of residence where the couple lives with or near the wife’s family
patrilocal residence
pattern of residence where the couple lives with or near the husband’s family
avunculocal residence
pattern of residence where the couple lives near the husband’s mother’s brother
ambilocal (or bilocal)
pattern of residence where the couple alternates between living with the wife’s and husband’s family
patrilineal
traced thru father’s side
neolocal residence
pattern of residence where the couple establishes a new, independent household separate from their relatives
matrilineal
traced thru mother’s side
lineage
tracing family background thru parent’s generation, grandparent’s; goes up to 10 generations
clan
over 10 generations; can’t always prove someone is a family member and if you agree someone is a family member then they are; agree humans and nonhumans are family
moiety
culture that consists of 2 clans; larger of 2 clans is the moiety; marry outside group
phratry
3 or more clan structure; Aztec Indians in Mexico–very aggressive & fight w/other groups of people; get together when big family function, to appoint new Chiefs
kindred
members of family
unilineal kinship
tracing thru one side of the family
bilateral descent
bifurcation; US culture; parents generation related by blood or marriage are family members
ambilineal descent
you spend more time w/some family members over other family members; can be bc of location
double descent
inheritance; occurs in Western Africa; we inherit things from father’s side of family (land & house); inherit traditions from family
3 ways connected to family
- Blood - Consanguineal relationship
- Marriage - Affinal relationship
- Fictive - close friend; adopted
consanguineal
blood relationship
affinal
marriage (part of family)
fictive
close friend; adopted
ego
yourself; shade in symbol
bride price or bride wealth
gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride’s kin; the gift usually grants the groom the right to marry the bride & the right to her children
bride service
requires the groom to work for the bride’s family, sometimes before the marriage begins, sometimes after; varies in duration
dowry
usually a substantial transfer of goods or $ from the bride’s family to the bride, the groom, or the couple; family must have wealth to give a this; tend to be in societies in which women contribute relatively little to primary subsistence activities, there is a high degree of social stratification & monogamy is practiced
incest taboo
prohibits sexual intercourse or marriage between some categories of kin; found in all cultures; between mom & son, dad & daughter, brother & sister
monogamy
involving one man married to one woman
polygyny
one man married to more than one woman at the same time
polyandry
one woman being married to more than one man at the same time
polygamy
polygyny & polyandry are two types; multiple marriage
soral polygyny
man married to two or more sisters
fraternal polyandry
woman is married to more than one brother
exogamy
marriage partners must be chosen from outside one’s own kin group or community; rule
nuclear family
a married couple & their children
endogamy
a rule that obliges a person to marry within same group
extended family
consists of a married couple and one or more of the married children, all living in the same house or household
family
social & economic unit consisting minimally of one or more parents (or parent substitute) & their children
marriage
socially approved sexual & economic union, usually between a woman & a man
arranged marriages
immediate families or go-betweens handle the negotiations; implicit that conviction that the joining together of two kin groups to form new social & economic ties is too important to be left to free choice and romantic love
serial monogamy
the practice of having a number of long-term romantic or sexual partners in succession
ghost marriage
marriage where a deceased groom is replaced by his brother. The brother serves as a stand in to the bride, and any resulting children are considered children of the deceased spouse; family of deceased does it bc if there were no children–spiritual belief that bad luck happens
blended family
a family that includes children from a previous marriage of the wife, husband, or both parents.
transgender
people who don’t feel that their assigned gender fits them well
gender
The sense of being male or female
sex
Typically refers to sexual anatomy & sexual behavior
two-spirit role
third gender recognized by Cheyennes; often recognized after a boy finished his vision quest, usually preadolescent; boy would wear woman’s clothes & take on many of the woman’s activities; but not equivalent to becoming a woman bc two-spirits played special roles at weddings & child birth
alternative genders
genders that are neither man nor woman have been described for many societies; i.e. two-spirit
gender misconceptions
stereotypes about the genders
gender inequality
refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender
gender stratification
cuts across all aspects of social life, cuts across all social classes, and refers to men and women’s unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex.
rules of descent
rules that connect individuals with particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry
totem
clans are designated by an animal name; may have some special significance for the group and is a means of group identification; a being, object, or symbol representing an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, group, lineage, …
kinship system
the system of social relationships connecting people in a culture who are or are held to be related and defining and regulating their reciprocal obligations
kinship terminology
A system of linguistic categories for denoting kinds of relatives
Omaha terminology
A mode of kinship classification usually but not always associated with patrilineal descent in which a line of mother’s patrilineal kin are terminologically equated across generations (mirror image of Crow terminology).
Iroquois terminology
A mode of kinship reckoning, usually but not always associated with unilineal descent, in which cross and parallel relatives are distinguished according to relative sex of connecting relatives in the middle three generations only
Hawaiian kinship terminology
A mode of kinship reckoning, usually associated with bilateral kinship or cognatic descent, in which relatives are distinguished only according to sex and generation.
Crow terminology
a mode of kinship classification usually but not always associated with matrilineal descent in which a line of father’s matrilineal kin are terminologically equated across generations (mirror image of Omaha terminology)
Eskimo system
marked by a bilateral emphasis - no distinction is made between patrilineal and matrilineal relatives - and by a recognition of differences in kinship distance - close relatives are distinguished from more distant ones
Sudanese system
completely descriptive and assigns a different kin term to each distinct relative, as indicated by separate letters and colours in the diagram above. Ego distinguishes between his father (A), his father’s brother (E), and his mother’s brother (H). There are potentially eight different cousin terms.
