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anthro 2 > anthro - exam 1 > Flashcards

anthro - exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

The study of humankind in all times and places

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2
Q

What is holistic perspective?

A

A fundamental principle of anthropology, that all parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand the interconnections and interdependence

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3
Q

Define Ethnocentrism

A

the belief that the ways of one’s culture are the only proper onesw

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4
Q

If you are culture-bound you tend to…

A

…look at teh world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one’s own culutre.

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5
Q

Co-sleeping with infants reduces the risk of______

A

SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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6
Q

Applied Anthropology is the use of_____

A

anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.

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7
Q

medical anthropology combines______

A

theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology with the study of human health and disease

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8
Q

Define Physical Anthropology

A

the systematic study of humans as biological organisms (aka biological anthro)

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9
Q

What is Molecular Biology

A

a branch of biological anthropology that uses biochemical techniques to test hypotheses about human evolution, adaptation, and variation

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10
Q

Paleoanthropology is the study of…

A

…predecessors of the present human species; the study of human evolution

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11
Q

biocultural implies a focus on…

A

…the interaction of biology and culture

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12
Q

primatology is the study of…

A

…living and fossil primates

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13
Q

Anthropologist Margaret Locke studied…

A

…the differences between Japanese and North American acceptance of the biological state of brain death and how it affects the practices of organ transplantation

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14
Q

Jane Goodall studied the behavior of…

A

…chimpanzees

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15
Q

What is the difference between physiological and developmental adaptations?

A

Developmental adaptation is responsible for variations of human features over a long period of time, whereas physiological adaptations are changes that occur iin the short-term in response to a particular environmental stimulus

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16
Q

The applied sub-field of physical anthropology called forensic anthropology specializes in…

A

…the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

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17
Q

Among the best-known forensic anthropologists, he is also considered a pioneer of the industry

A

Clyde C Snow

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18
Q

Define Cultural Anthropology

A

the study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought , and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing adn culture-reproducing creatures (aka social of sociocultural anthro)

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19
Q

what is culture?

A

A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, used to make sense of experience adn generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior

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20
Q

What is ethnography?

A

ethnography is a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork

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21
Q

fieldwork is…

A

…the term anthropologists use for on-location research

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22
Q

participant observation refers to….

A

the technique of learning a people’s culture through participation, observation, interviews and discussion of an extended period of time

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23
Q

What is ethnology?

A

Comparative analysis of different cultures utilizing ethnographic accounts

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24
Q

Linguistic Anthropology is the study of…

A

…human languages

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25
Q

This linguistic anthropologist worked to preserve indigenous languages in Bolivia

A

Gregory Anderson

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26
Q

What is discourse?

A

discourse is an extended communication on a particular subject

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27
Q

Archaeology is the study of…

A

…human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data

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28
Q

Bioarchaeology is…

A

…the study of human remains, emphasizing the preservation of cultural and social processes in the brain

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29
Q

Cultural Resource Management refers to…

A

…A branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources. Involves surveying land, and excavating historical remains threatened by development

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30
Q

Empirical evidence is based on…

A

…observations rather than intuition or faith

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31
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative exlanation of the relationships between certain phenomena

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32
Q

When state legislation sponsors archaeological work it is referred to as

A

contract archaeology

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33
Q

Franz Boaz did his first ethnolographic research among the

A

Inuit (Eskimos)

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34
Q

Pioneering founder of North American Anthropology. She did her fieldwork among the Zuni Indians of Arizona. Founded the women’s anthro society

A

Matilde Coxe Stevenson

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35
Q

A theory is

A

an explanation of natural phenomena supported by reliable body of data

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36
Q

A _____ is an assertion of opinion or belief that is handed down by an authority as true and indespensible

A

doctrine

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37
Q

she worked with Zulu healers in Africa to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS

A

Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala

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38
Q

What is informed consent?

A

a formal recorded agreement to participate in research; federally mandated for all research conducted in the US and Europe

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39
Q

Worldwide interconnectedness is referred to as…

A

…Globalization

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40
Q

This Israeli filmmaker sold his own kidney through a broker

A

Nick Rosen

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41
Q

enculturation is the process by which

A

a society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the nextand individuals become members of their society

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42
Q

An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, adn culture, and who act together for collective survival and well-being

A

society

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43
Q

the term gender refers to

A

the cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes

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44
Q

a group with a distinctive set of ideas, values, and traits within a larger society is called a…

A

…subculture

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45
Q

ethnic groups are

A

people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as language and customs

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46
Q

gathered information about Apache housing needs

A

George S. Esber

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47
Q

What is a Pluralistic Society?

A

a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state, yet maintain their cultural distinctions

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48
Q

a symbol is…

A

a sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else

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49
Q

In 1955, he studied the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea (pig breeding a sign of power)

A

Leopold Pospisil

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50
Q

The Social Structure is…

A

…the social organization, the pattern of social arrangements of individuals within a society

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51
Q

Infrastructure refers to…

A

…the economic base. the mode of subsistence

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52
Q

The Superstructure is…

A

…Worldview: the perception of self, society, and the world around us

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53
Q

He outlined three fundamental levels of needs that had to be resolved by all culutres.

  1. food and procreation
  2. law and education
  3. religion and art
A

Branislaw Manislowski

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54
Q

A complex of ideas and activities that enable people to survive and thrive in their environment

A

cultural adaptation

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55
Q

Cultural Relativism is the idea that…

A

…one must suspend judgement of other peoples practices in order to understand them in cultural terms

56
Q

What is urgent or Salvage anthropology?

A

ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures

57
Q

She was one of the first Anthropologists to study acculuration

A

Margaret Mead in 1932 (Omaha Indians of Nebraska)

58
Q

She focused on racial segregation in the 1930’s

A

Hortense Powdermaker

59
Q

His goal was to study the comparative impact of industrialization and urbanization among different populations

A

Julian Steward (1956-57)

60
Q

Advocacy anthro is research that is ________ -based

A

community

61
Q

globalscape refers to

A

a worldwide interconnected landscape

62
Q

diaspora literally means _______

A

“scattering”

63
Q

multi-sited ethnography refers to

A

the documentation of of cultures embedded in the larger structuresof a globalizing world

64
Q

There are more than ______ languages spoken in the world

A

six thousand

65
Q

Napoleon Chagnon studied the _____ in South America’s rainforest

A

Yanomami

66
Q

a Key Consultant is a…

A

…member of the society being studied who provides information that helps researchers understand the menain gof what they observe. (aka informants)

67
Q

An eliciting device is an..

A

…object or activity used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share info

68
Q

Canadian Anthropologist that studied Alaska’s natural gas pipeline

A

Hugh Brody

69
Q

Device to store geographically referenced spatial information

A

Geographic information systems (GIS)

70
Q

They highlighted the importance of cameras in the ethnographic tool kit

A

Margaret Meade and Gregory Bateson

71
Q

Lived among the Amazonian Indians of Brazil (Canela Tribe)

A

William Crocker

72
Q

This anthropologist was caught in political tensions in the Bolivian Highlands

A

June Nash

73
Q

This anthropologist was known for his challenges in the Hindu Kush Mountains of Northwestern Pakistan

A

Lincoln Keiser

74
Q

The practice of critical self-examination is called

A

reflexivity

75
Q

She studied the importance of the Trobriand Women of Papua New Guinea

A

Annette B Weiner

76
Q

Explain HRAF

A

(Human Relations Area Files) a vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data cataloged by cultural characteristics and geographical data. Facilitates comparative research

77
Q

Examined HRAF in her study for “Female Power and Male Dominance

A

Peggy Reeves Sandy

78
Q

What is the idealist perspective?

A

A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure

79
Q

What is the materialist Perspective?

A

A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of infrastructure

80
Q

What is Neo-evolutionism?

A

measures the growing capacity for energy capture per capita

81
Q

scientia potentia est means

A

“knowledge is power”

82
Q

What is the central maxim of anthropologists

A

Anthropological researchers must do everything in their power to ensure that their research does not harm the safety, dignity, or privacy of the people with whom they work

83
Q

Anthropomorpha means…

A

…“human shaped”

84
Q

Means active during dayight

A

Homo sapiens or Homo diurnus

85
Q

Homo Troglodytes are…

A

…“cave dwellers”

86
Q

This primatologist wrote “The World of Livings Things” in 1941

A

Kinji Imanishi

87
Q

Among bonobos _________is primarily a female activity

A

hunting

88
Q

Hominoids are…

A

…the broad shouldered tailless group of primates that includes all livings and extinct apes and humans

89
Q

This genus includes several species of early bipeds from Africa. Living about 1.1 and 4.4 mya. Diect ancestor to humans

A

Australopithecus

90
Q

The species Homo appeared about _____ mya

A

2.5

91
Q

what is evolutionary medicine

A

a branch of medical anthropology that uses evolutionary human principles to contribute to human health

92
Q

The Lower Paleoithic is considered the first part of the Stone Age and took place 250,000 - 2.6 mya. The period is marked by…

A

…the Oldwan tool tradition and the appearance of stone flakes and choppers

93
Q

_______ was the first species in the genus Homo with the demonstrated use of tools.

A

Homo Habilis

94
Q

appeared about 2mya ago. Literally means “upright man”

A

Homo erectus

95
Q

The Pleistocene or “Ice Age” occured…

A

2m - 10,000ya

96
Q

earth is approx. ____ billion years old

A

4.6

97
Q

Home erectus learned to use fire ____ mya

A

one mya

98
Q

A distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia 30,000 - 125,000 years ago

A

Neandertal

99
Q

When specimens are given separate species names it signifies that they…

A

…form part of a reproductively isolated group

100
Q

Marked by being lighter and smaller than those of earlier traditions. What was the tool tradition founded by the Neandertals

A

Mousterian Tool Tradition

101
Q

What is last part of the Old Stone Age called. characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms

A

Upper Paleolithic

102
Q

Atlatl is an…

A

instrument used by the Aztecs with a hook on the end to throw a spear.

103
Q

What is the multi-regional hypothesis

A

belief that modern humans originated through simultaneous local transition from erectus to sapien, throughout the inhabited world

104
Q

The African-origins hypothesis is…

A

…belief that all modern people are derived from a single population of sapiens who migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago

105
Q

Define race

A

In biology a subgroup within species. Not actually applicable to humans because there are no subspecies of modern Homo sapiens

106
Q

A system of communication using sounds or gestures put together in a menaingful way according to a set of rules

A

language

107
Q

What is a signal

A

an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

108
Q

The goal of Project Chantek was to…

A

investigate the mind of an orangutan through a developmental study of his cognitive and linguistic skills

109
Q

The modern scientific study of all aspects of language

A

linguistics

110
Q

Defined as the systematic identification and descriptiuon of the distinctive sounds in a language

A

phonetics

111
Q

Phonology is the…

A

…study of language sounds

112
Q

Phonemes are

A

the smallest unit of sound that make a difference in meaning in language. such as the difference between “bit” and “pit”

113
Q

The study of patterns or word formations in language

A

morphology

114
Q

morphemes are…

A

…the smallest unit of sound that carry meaning in language. Such as c. o. w. and the s. to indicate plural

115
Q

Syntax is..

A

…the pattern or rules by which words are arranged into phrases or sentences

116
Q

______ is the entire formal structure of language

A

Grammar

117
Q

A ______ is a group of languages that descended from a single ancestral language includes 11 subgroups (Germanic, Romance)

A

Language Famiily

118
Q

the separation of of daughter languages from a unified language

A

Linguistic Divergence

119
Q

Analyzes core vocabularies to identify approx. time that language branched off from a common ancestor

A

Glottochronology

120
Q

What is linguistic nationalism

A

the attempt by ethnic minorities to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms

121
Q

What is sociolinguistics

A

The study of the relationship between language and society. Examining how social categories influence styles of speech

122
Q

He developed the Accelerated Second Language Acquisition (ASLA) to preserve the indigenous language of the Arapaho Indians

A

S. Neyooxet Greymorning

123
Q

Dialects are…

A

…varying forms of a language that reflect particular region, or social classes but are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

124
Q

Linguistic Determinism is the idea that…

A

…language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us

125
Q

Changing from one of speech to the next as the situation demands

A

Code Switching

126
Q

Ethnolinguistics is the study of…

A

…the relationship between language and culture and how they mutuall influence adn inform each other

127
Q

Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended adn subconscious messages

A

gestures

128
Q

Kinesics is a system of…

A

…notating and analyzing gestures that convey messages

129
Q

The cross-cultural study of people’s perception and use of space

A

Proxemics

130
Q

In 1959, he wrote the “Silent Language,” now recongnized as teh founding document of for the field of intercultural communication

A

Edward Hall

131
Q

What is para-language

A

Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. such as giggling, groaning, or sighing

132
Q

in this type of language, pitch of the spoken word is the essential part of its meaning

A

Tonal Language

133
Q

displacement refers to…

A

…things and events removed from time and place

134
Q

Egyptian writing system

A

hieroglyphics

135
Q

an arrangement of wedge-shaped imprints developed primarily in Mesopotamia

A

Cuneiform

136
Q

Most alphabets today evolved from…

A

…The Phoenician Alphabet

anthro 2 (3 decks)

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