anthro - exam 1 Flashcards
What is anthropology?
The study of humankind in all times and places
What is holistic perspective?
A fundamental principle of anthropology, that all parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand the interconnections and interdependence
Define Ethnocentrism
the belief that the ways of one’s culture are the only proper onesw
If you are culture-bound you tend to…
…look at teh world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one’s own culutre.
Co-sleeping with infants reduces the risk of______
SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Applied Anthropology is the use of_____
anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.
medical anthropology combines______
theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology with the study of human health and disease
Define Physical Anthropology
the systematic study of humans as biological organisms (aka biological anthro)
What is Molecular Biology
a branch of biological anthropology that uses biochemical techniques to test hypotheses about human evolution, adaptation, and variation
Paleoanthropology is the study of…
…predecessors of the present human species; the study of human evolution
biocultural implies a focus on…
…the interaction of biology and culture
primatology is the study of…
…living and fossil primates
Anthropologist Margaret Locke studied…
…the differences between Japanese and North American acceptance of the biological state of brain death and how it affects the practices of organ transplantation
Jane Goodall studied the behavior of…
…chimpanzees
What is the difference between physiological and developmental adaptations?
Developmental adaptation is responsible for variations of human features over a long period of time, whereas physiological adaptations are changes that occur iin the short-term in response to a particular environmental stimulus
The applied sub-field of physical anthropology called forensic anthropology specializes in…
…the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes
Among the best-known forensic anthropologists, he is also considered a pioneer of the industry
Clyde C Snow
Define Cultural Anthropology
the study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought , and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing adn culture-reproducing creatures (aka social of sociocultural anthro)
what is culture?
A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, used to make sense of experience adn generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior
What is ethnography?
ethnography is a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork
fieldwork is…
…the term anthropologists use for on-location research
participant observation refers to….
the technique of learning a people’s culture through participation, observation, interviews and discussion of an extended period of time
What is ethnology?
Comparative analysis of different cultures utilizing ethnographic accounts
Linguistic Anthropology is the study of…
…human languages
This linguistic anthropologist worked to preserve indigenous languages in Bolivia
Gregory Anderson
What is discourse?
discourse is an extended communication on a particular subject
Archaeology is the study of…
…human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
Bioarchaeology is…
…the study of human remains, emphasizing the preservation of cultural and social processes in the brain
Cultural Resource Management refers to…
…A branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources. Involves surveying land, and excavating historical remains threatened by development
Empirical evidence is based on…
…observations rather than intuition or faith
hypothesis
a tentative exlanation of the relationships between certain phenomena
When state legislation sponsors archaeological work it is referred to as
contract archaeology
Franz Boaz did his first ethnolographic research among the
Inuit (Eskimos)
Pioneering founder of North American Anthropology. She did her fieldwork among the Zuni Indians of Arizona. Founded the women’s anthro society
Matilde Coxe Stevenson
A theory is
an explanation of natural phenomena supported by reliable body of data
A _____ is an assertion of opinion or belief that is handed down by an authority as true and indespensible
doctrine
she worked with Zulu healers in Africa to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS
Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala
What is informed consent?
a formal recorded agreement to participate in research; federally mandated for all research conducted in the US and Europe
Worldwide interconnectedness is referred to as…
…Globalization
This Israeli filmmaker sold his own kidney through a broker
Nick Rosen
enculturation is the process by which
a society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the nextand individuals become members of their society
An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, adn culture, and who act together for collective survival and well-being
society
the term gender refers to
the cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes
a group with a distinctive set of ideas, values, and traits within a larger society is called a…
…subculture
ethnic groups are
people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as language and customs
gathered information about Apache housing needs
George S. Esber
What is a Pluralistic Society?
a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state, yet maintain their cultural distinctions
a symbol is…
a sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else
In 1955, he studied the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea (pig breeding a sign of power)
Leopold Pospisil
The Social Structure is…
…the social organization, the pattern of social arrangements of individuals within a society
Infrastructure refers to…
…the economic base. the mode of subsistence
The Superstructure is…
…Worldview: the perception of self, society, and the world around us
He outlined three fundamental levels of needs that had to be resolved by all culutres.
- food and procreation
- law and education
- religion and art
Branislaw Manislowski
A complex of ideas and activities that enable people to survive and thrive in their environment
cultural adaptation
Cultural Relativism is the idea that…
…one must suspend judgement of other peoples practices in order to understand them in cultural terms
What is urgent or Salvage anthropology?
ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures
She was one of the first Anthropologists to study acculuration
Margaret Mead in 1932 (Omaha Indians of Nebraska)
She focused on racial segregation in the 1930’s
Hortense Powdermaker
His goal was to study the comparative impact of industrialization and urbanization among different populations
Julian Steward (1956-57)
Advocacy anthro is research that is ________ -based
community
globalscape refers to
a worldwide interconnected landscape
diaspora literally means _______
“scattering”
multi-sited ethnography refers to
the documentation of of cultures embedded in the larger structuresof a globalizing world
There are more than ______ languages spoken in the world
six thousand
Napoleon Chagnon studied the _____ in South America’s rainforest
Yanomami
a Key Consultant is a…
…member of the society being studied who provides information that helps researchers understand the menain gof what they observe. (aka informants)
An eliciting device is an..
…object or activity used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share info
Canadian Anthropologist that studied Alaska’s natural gas pipeline
Hugh Brody
Device to store geographically referenced spatial information
Geographic information systems (GIS)
They highlighted the importance of cameras in the ethnographic tool kit
Margaret Meade and Gregory Bateson
Lived among the Amazonian Indians of Brazil (Canela Tribe)
William Crocker
This anthropologist was caught in political tensions in the Bolivian Highlands
June Nash
This anthropologist was known for his challenges in the Hindu Kush Mountains of Northwestern Pakistan
Lincoln Keiser
The practice of critical self-examination is called
reflexivity
She studied the importance of the Trobriand Women of Papua New Guinea
Annette B Weiner
Explain HRAF
(Human Relations Area Files) a vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data cataloged by cultural characteristics and geographical data. Facilitates comparative research
Examined HRAF in her study for “Female Power and Male Dominance
Peggy Reeves Sandy
What is the idealist perspective?
A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure
What is the materialist Perspective?
A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of infrastructure
What is Neo-evolutionism?
measures the growing capacity for energy capture per capita
scientia potentia est means
“knowledge is power”
What is the central maxim of anthropologists
Anthropological researchers must do everything in their power to ensure that their research does not harm the safety, dignity, or privacy of the people with whom they work
Anthropomorpha means…
…“human shaped”
Means active during dayight
Homo sapiens or Homo diurnus
Homo Troglodytes are…
…“cave dwellers”
This primatologist wrote “The World of Livings Things” in 1941
Kinji Imanishi
Among bonobos _________is primarily a female activity
hunting
Hominoids are…
…the broad shouldered tailless group of primates that includes all livings and extinct apes and humans
This genus includes several species of early bipeds from Africa. Living about 1.1 and 4.4 mya. Diect ancestor to humans
Australopithecus
The species Homo appeared about _____ mya
2.5
what is evolutionary medicine
a branch of medical anthropology that uses evolutionary human principles to contribute to human health
The Lower Paleoithic is considered the first part of the Stone Age and took place 250,000 - 2.6 mya. The period is marked by…
…the Oldwan tool tradition and the appearance of stone flakes and choppers
_______ was the first species in the genus Homo with the demonstrated use of tools.
Homo Habilis
appeared about 2mya ago. Literally means “upright man”
Homo erectus
The Pleistocene or “Ice Age” occured…
2m - 10,000ya
earth is approx. ____ billion years old
4.6
Home erectus learned to use fire ____ mya
one mya
A distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia 30,000 - 125,000 years ago
Neandertal
When specimens are given separate species names it signifies that they…
…form part of a reproductively isolated group
Marked by being lighter and smaller than those of earlier traditions. What was the tool tradition founded by the Neandertals
Mousterian Tool Tradition
What is last part of the Old Stone Age called. characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms
Upper Paleolithic
Atlatl is an…
instrument used by the Aztecs with a hook on the end to throw a spear.
What is the multi-regional hypothesis
belief that modern humans originated through simultaneous local transition from erectus to sapien, throughout the inhabited world
The African-origins hypothesis is…
…belief that all modern people are derived from a single population of sapiens who migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago
Define race
In biology a subgroup within species. Not actually applicable to humans because there are no subspecies of modern Homo sapiens
A system of communication using sounds or gestures put together in a menaingful way according to a set of rules
language
What is a signal
an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning
The goal of Project Chantek was to…
investigate the mind of an orangutan through a developmental study of his cognitive and linguistic skills
The modern scientific study of all aspects of language
linguistics
Defined as the systematic identification and descriptiuon of the distinctive sounds in a language
phonetics
Phonology is the…
…study of language sounds
Phonemes are
the smallest unit of sound that make a difference in meaning in language. such as the difference between “bit” and “pit”
The study of patterns or word formations in language
morphology
morphemes are…
…the smallest unit of sound that carry meaning in language. Such as c. o. w. and the s. to indicate plural
Syntax is..
…the pattern or rules by which words are arranged into phrases or sentences
______ is the entire formal structure of language
Grammar
A ______ is a group of languages that descended from a single ancestral language includes 11 subgroups (Germanic, Romance)
Language Famiily
the separation of of daughter languages from a unified language
Linguistic Divergence
Analyzes core vocabularies to identify approx. time that language branched off from a common ancestor
Glottochronology
What is linguistic nationalism
the attempt by ethnic minorities to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
What is sociolinguistics
The study of the relationship between language and society. Examining how social categories influence styles of speech
He developed the Accelerated Second Language Acquisition (ASLA) to preserve the indigenous language of the Arapaho Indians
S. Neyooxet Greymorning
Dialects are…
…varying forms of a language that reflect particular region, or social classes but are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
Linguistic Determinism is the idea that…
…language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us
Changing from one of speech to the next as the situation demands
Code Switching
Ethnolinguistics is the study of…
…the relationship between language and culture and how they mutuall influence adn inform each other
Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended adn subconscious messages
gestures
Kinesics is a system of…
…notating and analyzing gestures that convey messages
The cross-cultural study of people’s perception and use of space
Proxemics
In 1959, he wrote the “Silent Language,” now recongnized as teh founding document of for the field of intercultural communication
Edward Hall
What is para-language
Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. such as giggling, groaning, or sighing
in this type of language, pitch of the spoken word is the essential part of its meaning
Tonal Language
displacement refers to…
…things and events removed from time and place
Egyptian writing system
hieroglyphics
an arrangement of wedge-shaped imprints developed primarily in Mesopotamia
Cuneiform
Most alphabets today evolved from…
…The Phoenician Alphabet
