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anthropology > anthro exam 1 > Flashcards

anthro exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following characteristics defines the anthropological approach?

A

holistic perspective

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2
Q

Which perspectives best guard against culture-bound theories?

A

a cross-cultural and evolutionary perspective

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3
Q

Individuals within all four subfields of anthropology practice:

A

applied anthropology

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4
Q

On-location research is also known as:

A

field work

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5
Q

All of the following are approaches that linguistic anthropologists may take except

A

analyzing which languages are superior

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6
Q

Archaeology is the study of

A

human material remains and environmental data

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7
Q

Which areas of a culture might cultural anthropologists study? Select all that apply.

A

the medical system
the political system
the legal system
the religious system

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8
Q

Participant observation is

A

a research method that involves the anthropologist both observing and participating in another culture

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9
Q

All of the following are archaeological and paleoanthropological methods except:

A

doing oral life histories

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10
Q

The detailed description of a particular culture

A

ethnography

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11
Q

Which of the following best describes ethnology?

A

cross-cultural comparative research

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12
Q

What is the most common source of error with any dating technique?

A

the archaeologist

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13
Q

Above all else, anthropologists should do no harm

A

true

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14
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and are copies of the parent cell

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15
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces sex cells, having half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism.

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16
Q

The scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus is called _____ and includes _____.

A

Systema Naturae; binomial nomenclature

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17
Q

The genetic material consisting of a complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins

A

DNA

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18
Q

The portions of DNA molecules that direct the synthesis of specific proteins

A

gene

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19
Q

In the cell nucleus, the structures visible during cellular division containing long strands of DNA combined with a protein

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

Alternate forms of a single gene

A

allele

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21
Q

Mendelian inheritance explains some 5,000 human traits. Most genetic expressions, however, are not the result of Mendelian heredity but rather are ____.

A

polygenetic traits

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22
Q

an anatomical structure shared across species due to similar functions but don’t have a common developmental sequence

A

anaology

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23
Q

an anatomical structure shared by species due to a common ancestor but have different functions

A

homology

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24
Q

Which statement BEST describes the phrase “survival of the fittest”?

A

It is a phrase that Herbert Spencer first used to promote social Darwinism

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25
Q

refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene

A

homozygous

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26
Q

refers to a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene

A

heterozygous

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27
Q

The chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation

A

Mutation

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28
Q

The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation

A

Natural selection

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29
Q

The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another

A

Gene flow

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30
Q

The chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population

A

genetic drift

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31
Q

a trait influenced by two or more genes

A

polygenetic traits

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32
Q

Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among nonhuman primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:

A

the earliest development of human cultural behavior

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33
Q

Monkeys, apes, and humans are taxonomically grouped together as:

A

anthropods

34
Q

Which of the following represent the primate group, prosimians?

A

tarsier, loris, lemur

35
Q

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?

A

reconciliation

36
Q

How do primatologists define a “tool”?

A

an object used to facilitate some task or activity

37
Q

Why is ape language such a controversial area of study?

A

Ape language challenges the notion of human uniqueness

38
Q

a difference of magnitude between two things that are otherwise of the same type

A

difference of degree

39
Q

a difference of type or category

A

difference of kind

40
Q

Which kind of biological evidence is most often used to account for change in human species?

A

size and shape of skull

41
Q

The earliest human stone tool tradition was called

A

Oldowan

42
Q

What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania?

A

It was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

43
Q

Which of the following are advantages of bipedalism among humans?

A

more visual acuity over distances

an ability to walk efficient and for longer distances

an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools

44
Q

What is the primary problem with the “man the hunter” theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s?

A

It diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution

45
Q

The development of handedness is associated most directly with

A

language abilities

46
Q

Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world?

A

multiregional hypothesis

47
Q

The recent African origins hypothesis relies upon which kind of genetic data?

A

mitochondrial DNA

48
Q

There is a great deal of scientific controversy surrounding whether:

A

anatomically modern humans are related to Neanderthals

49
Q

The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through:

A

independent invention

50
Q

What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant?

A

size of edible parts

51
Q

Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure?

A

relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

52
Q

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production?

A

they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life

53
Q

What was most significant about the oasis theory?

A

it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production

54
Q

In environments that were averse to the development of plant cultivation, societies tended to become:

A

pastoralist

55
Q

Which of these are the two main migration theories pertaining to the peopling of the Americas? Select all that apply.

A

Berin Strait Theory

Coastal Migration Theory

56
Q

New archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom?

A

pre-clovis culture

57
Q

The following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except:

A

refinement and progress

58
Q

The value of archaeological recovery and analysis in areas such as the Middle East contributes all of the following except:

A

it helps modern-day peoples decide which site is more important

59
Q

All of the following are common ways that archaeologists can discern the presence of social stratification except:

A

gender

60
Q

The advent of bronze metallurgy primarily created advances in:

A

warfare and farming

61
Q

All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to the advent of urban areas except:

A

uncentralized government

62
Q

Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?

A

action theory

63
Q

What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?

A

it does not explain every cultural case

64
Q

The primary difference between hydraulic and action theories of state development is that:

A

hydraulic theory does not take into account the effects of individuals and focuses rather exclusively on environment

65
Q

Urban interdependence creates a basis for stability

A

false

66
Q

All of the following are true about race except:

A

scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist

67
Q

Human biological variation stems from all of the following except:

A

cultural beliefs

68
Q

The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:

A

racism

69
Q

Structural violence can best be described as:

A

physical and psychological harm caused by an exploitative, impersonal, and unjust social, political, and economic system

70
Q

Melanin has the primary function of:

A

protecting the skin against solar radiation

71
Q

All of the following are examples of cultural practices acting as an agent for biological selection except:

A

an inherited trait that affects biological fitness

72
Q

empirical science is:

A

based on sensory observations

73
Q

what are the four forces of evolution

A

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

74
Q

creation stories vs evolution

A

creation stories = culture
evolution = science

75
Q

genes are inherited independently of one another

A

law of independent assortment

76
Q

hominin vs hominid

A

hominin = human linage
hominid = human linage + apes

77
Q

which ancestor first migrated out of africa

A

homo erectus

78
Q

which ancestor first used tools

A

homo habilis

79
Q

seven areas where domestication occured

A

mesoamerica
mesopotamia
sub saharan africa
andes
south china
eastern united states
north china

80
Q

oasis theory

A

people started to domesticate plants and animals because they were forced to, because of climate change.

81
Q

hydraulic theory

A

civilizations rely on irrigation systems

82
Q
A

anthropology (1 decks)

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