anthro exam 1 Flashcards
Which of the following characteristics defines the anthropological approach?
holistic perspective
Which perspectives best guard against culture-bound theories?
a cross-cultural and evolutionary perspective
Individuals within all four subfields of anthropology practice:
applied anthropology
On-location research is also known as:
field work
All of the following are approaches that linguistic anthropologists may take except
analyzing which languages are superior
Archaeology is the study of
human material remains and environmental data
Which areas of a culture might cultural anthropologists study? Select all that apply.
the medical system
the political system
the legal system
the religious system
Participant observation is
a research method that involves the anthropologist both observing and participating in another culture
All of the following are archaeological and paleoanthropological methods except:
doing oral life histories
The detailed description of a particular culture
ethnography
Which of the following best describes ethnology?
cross-cultural comparative research
What is the most common source of error with any dating technique?
the archaeologist
Above all else, anthropologists should do no harm
true
mitosis
cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and are copies of the parent cell
meiosis
cell division that produces sex cells, having half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism.
The scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus is called _____ and includes _____.
Systema Naturae; binomial nomenclature
The genetic material consisting of a complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins
DNA
The portions of DNA molecules that direct the synthesis of specific proteins
gene
In the cell nucleus, the structures visible during cellular division containing long strands of DNA combined with a protein
chromosomes
Alternate forms of a single gene
allele
Mendelian inheritance explains some 5,000 human traits. Most genetic expressions, however, are not the result of Mendelian heredity but rather are ____.
polygenetic traits
an anatomical structure shared across species due to similar functions but don’t have a common developmental sequence
anaology
an anatomical structure shared by species due to a common ancestor but have different functions
homology
Which statement BEST describes the phrase “survival of the fittest”?
It is a phrase that Herbert Spencer first used to promote social Darwinism
refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene
homozygous
refers to a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene
heterozygous
The chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation
Mutation
The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation
Natural selection
The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another
Gene flow
The chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population
genetic drift
a trait influenced by two or more genes
polygenetic traits
Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among nonhuman primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:
the earliest development of human cultural behavior
Monkeys, apes, and humans are taxonomically grouped together as:
anthropods
Which of the following represent the primate group, prosimians?
tarsier, loris, lemur
Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?
reconciliation
How do primatologists define a “tool”?
an object used to facilitate some task or activity
Why is ape language such a controversial area of study?
Ape language challenges the notion of human uniqueness
a difference of magnitude between two things that are otherwise of the same type
difference of degree
a difference of type or category
difference of kind
Which kind of biological evidence is most often used to account for change in human species?
size and shape of skull
The earliest human stone tool tradition was called
Oldowan
What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania?
It was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago
Which of the following are advantages of bipedalism among humans?
more visual acuity over distances
an ability to walk efficient and for longer distances
an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools
What is the primary problem with the “man the hunter” theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s?
It diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution
The development of handedness is associated most directly with
language abilities
Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world?
multiregional hypothesis
The recent African origins hypothesis relies upon which kind of genetic data?
mitochondrial DNA
There is a great deal of scientific controversy surrounding whether:
anatomically modern humans are related to Neanderthals
The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through:
independent invention
What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant?
size of edible parts
Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure?
relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles
Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production?
they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life
What was most significant about the oasis theory?
it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production
In environments that were averse to the development of plant cultivation, societies tended to become:
pastoralist
Which of these are the two main migration theories pertaining to the peopling of the Americas? Select all that apply.
Berin Strait Theory
Coastal Migration Theory
New archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom?
pre-clovis culture
The following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except:
refinement and progress
The value of archaeological recovery and analysis in areas such as the Middle East contributes all of the following except:
it helps modern-day peoples decide which site is more important
All of the following are common ways that archaeologists can discern the presence of social stratification except:
gender
The advent of bronze metallurgy primarily created advances in:
warfare and farming
All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to the advent of urban areas except:
uncentralized government
Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?
action theory
What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?
it does not explain every cultural case
The primary difference between hydraulic and action theories of state development is that:
hydraulic theory does not take into account the effects of individuals and focuses rather exclusively on environment
Urban interdependence creates a basis for stability
false
All of the following are true about race except:
scientists disagree on the number of biological human races that exist
Human biological variation stems from all of the following except:
cultural beliefs
The doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical features is:
racism
Structural violence can best be described as:
physical and psychological harm caused by an exploitative, impersonal, and unjust social, political, and economic system
Melanin has the primary function of:
protecting the skin against solar radiation
All of the following are examples of cultural practices acting as an agent for biological selection except:
an inherited trait that affects biological fitness
empirical science is:
based on sensory observations
what are the four forces of evolution
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
creation stories vs evolution
creation stories = culture
evolution = science
genes are inherited independently of one another
law of independent assortment
hominin vs hominid
hominin = human linage
hominid = human linage + apes
which ancestor first migrated out of africa
homo erectus
which ancestor first used tools
homo habilis
seven areas where domestication occured
mesoamerica
mesopotamia
sub saharan africa
andes
south china
eastern united states
north china
oasis theory
people started to domesticate plants and animals because they were forced to, because of climate change.
hydraulic theory
civilizations rely on irrigation systems
