ANTH 331 Final Flashcards
Define Intersex
person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male (replaces term hermaphrodite)
Define Transsexual
a person who emotionally and psychologically feels that they belong to the opposite sex (sex assigned at birth does not match gender identity)
used to refer to people who undergo surgery
Define Transgender
denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender
Define Crossdresser and out-dated offensive term?
To dress in clothing characteristic of the opposite sex. Transvestite
Define Cisgender
person whose self-identity conforms with gender that corresponds to their biological sex
What is the ‘Standard 3-part Alignment’
1) Genetic/sex chromosomes {XY/XX}
2) Gonad (internal) {testes/overies}
3) External genitalia {penis, scrotum/vagina, labia}
What is Rare ‘Gonadal Intersex”
1) Chromosomes: might have XX or XY chromosomes
2) Gonads: person has both ovarian & testicular tissue; might be in the same gonad (ovo-testis) or the person might have one ovary and one testis
3) Genitalia: may be ambiguous or may appear to be female or male
What is the more common Intersex Condition
match at chromosomal & gonadal level but don’t match with external genitalia
ex.:
XX (genetic female)+ovaries but male genitalia CONGENITAL ADERNAL HYERPLASIA
XY (genetic male)+testes but female genitalia ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
How common are Intersex conditions?
1.7 of all live births
What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and 1 example
Maria Patina
failed sex test
XY + testes but female external genitalia
Testes made testosterone but body didn’t respond (responded to estrogen)
What are androgens
male hormones, primarily testestrone
Describe complete AIS
breast development, no menstruation, appearance is female, no pubic/underarm hair
What are the 2 forms of AIS
Complete and Partial (external genitalia may lie anywhere along the spectrum from male to female but internally male sex organs)
Describe defenders and opponents of genital ‘normalizing’ surgeries
defenders: many doctors and parents
1. John Money’s ‘Nurture Theory’: gender result of how you are raised, regardless of biological sex or any internal subjective experience of yourself
2. worry about children living w/ genitalia that falls outside of what our society considers the norm
opponents: intersex associations
What is Gender Dysphoria
board term used to describe phenomena such as extreme dislike of ones body; incongruity between genital anatomy(sex) and gender identity
What is Body Dysphoria
body image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in ones appearance, recognized as anxiety disorder
Define Gender Identity
your subjective experience of being masculine, feminine, or ambivalent
Does identifying as a transsexual tell us anything about someones sexual orientation?
No
What is the difference between transgender and transsexual
both refer to someone whose biological sex assigned at birth does not match their gender identity
Transgender: gender identity goes beyond/not limited to being one gender or the other
It is an inclusive term for ppl who do not consider themselves limited to choice
Transgender may not want to surgically change and conform
What is Drag?
special type of performance art involving dressing as the opposite sex
What did Argentina do regarding Gender?
passed ‘gender-identity’ law granting ppl right to change legal and physical gender identity w/out having to undergo judicial psychiatric or medical procedures
What did Australia do regarding Gender?
offered 3rd ‘X’ gender on passports
What did Canada do regarding Gender?
Bill C-279: proposal to amend CDN Human Rights Act and Criminal Code by adding gender identity & gender expression to list of prohibited grounds for discrimination
What did Alberta do regarding Gender?
reinstated funding for gender-confirming surgeries, up-to 25 ppl a year, total annual cost of $1M and 12 yo boy changed sex on birth certificate without surgery
What is Nov 20th?
Transgender Day of Remembrance in memory of Rita Hester, vigil commemorate all transgender ppl lost to violence
Describe the Hijra
sex: male, sometimes intersex
gender: not man or woman, 3rd gender
affiliations with Hijra lineages and house
some undergo surgery
proclaimed absence of sexual desire
feminine dress and practice
religion: deities ambiguous or undergo sex transformations or have dual sex representations (Arjun)
Describe Two-Spirited
wide range of mixed gender roles
replaces historical term ‘Berdache’
How many Two-Spirited Male Gender Roles? And Female Gender Roles?
110-150 societies Male and 35-75 Female
Describe Woman-Man
biological male, not identifies as man or woman but alternate gender, engages in woman’s work, cross dressing, no sex reassignment, doesn’t tell about sexual orientation but relationships with men more common
Describe Man-Woman
biological female, identifies as alternate gender, engages in men’s work, cross-dressing, no sex reassignment, relationships with woman more common but does not tell about sexual orientation
desire for independence?
Describe Albanian Sworn Virgins
‘Muskobanja’, vow of celibacy, no sex reassignment
Describe Bacha Posh
Parents dress girl child like boy in Afghanistan, most cases end at puberty
Define Patriarchy
society in which a few men have power over the rest of the population(rest of male population and female population)
Define Egalitarian
rights, privileges (constraints and degrees of personal autonomy of both sexes are largely congruent throughout life course, even tho they are not perfectly symmetrical (society that tends toward equality)
What was The World Banks report titled?
…“Gender Equality is Smart Economics”
Define Gender Inequality
differences btw woman and men due to gender resulting differences in power (money, status influences) (Patriarchal)
Define Gender Equality
partly btw women and men; neither sex faces discrimination or injustice due to gender; don’t expect differences in power (Egalitarian)
What does the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index measure
worldwide gender inequality in 142 countries (92% of world’s population) and whether the gap btw men and woman has declined or increased
What does the Gender Gap Index measure
Political Empowerment: representation in decision-making structures
Economic Participation & Opportunity: salaries, job market participation levels & access to highly skilled employment
Educational Attainment: access to basis & higher level education
Health and Survival: life expectancy & Sex ratios at birth
What is the highest score and the lowest score in Gender Gap Index
Highest = 1 (100%), lowest = 0
What are the top 3 countries in Gender Gap Index
- Iceland
- Finland
- Norway
What are the bottom 3 countries in Gender Gap Index
- Chad
- Pakistan
- Yemen
What is Canada’s rank and score in GGI in 2014 and score in 2006, has it improved
Rank 19, Score 74.6
71.6 in 2006
Yes
For Canada to get to 100% GGI how many years will it take
228 years
What is Canada’s score for Political Empowerment, Economic Participation & Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival
Political Empowerment 22%
Economic Participation & Opportunity 79 %
Educational Attainment 100%
Health and Survival 79%
What is GCI (Global Competitiveness Index)
90 variables related to countries economic prosperity and competitiveness
What is GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
basic measure of country’s overall economic output
+ or - correlation btw GGI and GCI
+
+ or - correlation btw GGI and GDP
+
Which society (Egalitarian or Patriarchal) have better economy
Egalitarian
What creates Gender Inequality and how?
Society
via: State and Economic Participation & Opportunity
Who are the Tuareg
Islamic pastoral society (semi-nomadic) who divide labour, in which men where veil not woman
What is Matrilineal Kin
children of stomach
What is Patrilineal Kin
children of men
Describe Tuareg Society
woman enjoy rights and have much more social and economic freedom, men and woman regularly meet and socialize, woman enjoy freedom of choice in sexual involvement
What are Pink Collar Jobs
gendered feminine, sales services nursing, early childcare education, clerical administrative job
What are Blue Collar Jobs
gendered masculine, industrial, manufacturing, trades, transport
What is the top job men/woman
retail sales person
Which field do woman dominate and which field are they underrepresented?
Dominate: lowest paid occupations
Underrepresented: highest paid professions
For every $1 earned by men, woman earn? Annually and Hourly
Annually: 64.7 cents among all workers 71.9 cents among full year/full time Hourly: 83 cents
Why do women earn less
Work experience, 18 years (men) vs 14 (woman)
composition of major fields of study differ
woman concentrated in low wage occupations
Define Stratification
system of unequal access of men and women to society’s resources, privileges and opportunities and differential control over these resources and privileges accorded by sex
Define Gender Stereotypes
beliefs & attitudes about what activities/behaviours are appropriate for men (masculinity) or women (femininity)
Which theory does the media enforce
gender differences hypothesis
How many promotional advertising ‘stimuli’ a day to Canada’s see, and mostly from where
4000, from America
4 trends seen in Magazines from 1950-200
- men on average still portrayed as dominant to woman but this has decreased over time
- 88.4 % of females & 11.6% of males portrayed in sexually explicit/suggestive pose; however occurrence of male suggestive pose has increased
- increasing trend of more public role portrayals for woman
- increasing trend over time of females portrayed in ritualized subordinate poses
How do music videos portray men and women?
females presented as sex objects
males presented as aggressive
How to video games portray men and women?
- 1% of female video game characters sexualized
83. 1% of males depicted as hyper-masculine and aggressive
How does film portray men and women?
- women underrepresented as main characters
- woman as sex objects
- males more likely to be involved in violence
- In G rated films, women twice as likely to be mothers & twice as likely to be in committed relationship compared to men
Criteria for Bechdel Test
- 2 names female characters who
- talk to each other
- about something other than men
2 main trends we are seeing men and women in mainstream media/pop culture
- woman as sex objects
- men as perpetrators of violence
Females who watched shows with curvaceously-thin females more likely to chose which ideal
small hips, waist, medium sized bust
What is the Cultivation Theory
mass media, tv, present similar systems of stories
tv exposure cultivates beliefs, attitudes and ideals about the real world that matches the media depicted world
Whats is mainstreaming
worldwide change that cultivation as a process takes
occurs when groups who are initially divergent in worldwide come to hold similar views with greater tv exposure
What is the Objectification Theory
framework for understanding the negative effects of objectifying men and women;s bodies in our society
What is Objectification
to treat ourselves as objects to be looked at and evaluated
What is Self-Objectification
individuals adopt ‘observers’ perspective on their physical self
What is the fastest growing market for men
Cosmetic grooming
What is Market Segmentation
divide the population into smaller groups to sell products and services
What is Gender Segmentation
divide groups by gender
What is Gender Pricing
women and men charged different amounts for similar products and services
What is the Body as Self Paradigm
you look good, you feel good
What is Marketers Gaze
unattainable body = good for business
What are some consequences of self objectification for Men
- negative body satisfaction
- negative self esteem
- negative psychological outcomes, depression, bulimia, excessive exercising
What is the Misery-is-not-Miserly effect?
tendency of sadness to carry over from past situations to influence economic decisions (sad participants pay more for water)
Describe the Vanatina society
small island in South Pacific, largely egalitarian, division of labour overlapping, both sexes participate in ceremonies, males and females values for same qualities, no principle of male superiority and female weakness
Who benefits from gender polarization
anyone trying to sell you something
Who are you?
- wean yourself off body as self paradigm
- realize gender polarization is a construction
- standards of masculinity and femininity are constructed
Which measure has the greatest gender gap globally?
Political empowerment at 21%
Economic 60
Education 94
Health 96
