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ANTH 203 > ANTH 203 > Flashcards

ANTH 203 Flashcards

Study for Midterm 1

1
Q

what is the attitude that one’s own group or culture is better than any other?

A

Ethnocentrism

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2
Q

in which research methodology is the researcher immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants

A

Participant observation

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3
Q

the principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider’s standard

A

Cultural Relativism

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4
Q

how insiders imagine and explain things

A

Emic Perspective

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5
Q

Explanations for behaviour by an outside observer in ways that are meaningful to the observer

A

Etic Perspective

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6
Q

attempts to understand aspects of societies across space and time by analyzing the entire system as a whole

A

Holism

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7
Q

Sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship between informant and ethnographer

A

Rapport

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8
Q

Approach where anthropologist ethnographer includes themselves in their text/analysis

A

Reflexivity

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9
Q

the process through which a false notion or concept is so widely disseminated and pushed that it starts to exist on its own

A

Reification

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10
Q

a gradual variation in traits across a geographic area

A

Clinal Distribution

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11
Q

how social, economic, political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories

A

Racial formation

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12
Q

focusing on one’s identity and validating one’s sense of belonging to a particular group with a particular history

A

Identity Politics

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13
Q

trauma can be passed
from generation to
generation (non-DNA inheritance)

A

Epigenetics

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14
Q

stands for a socially constructed
racial classification system where individuals of mixed racial heritage are automatically categorized as members of the less privileged or least privileged racial group (one drop rule)

A

Hypodescent

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15
Q

Refers to the core, stable aspects of an individual’s identity, often based on intrinsic characteristics like ethnicity, nationality, or race, shaping self-perception and how others view them

A

Foundational Identity

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16
Q

The aspect of identity that individuals adapt or shape in different contexts to achieve specific goals or navigate social situations.

A

Strategic Identity

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17
Q

Involves integrating multiple aspects of identity, blending cultural, ethnic, or social backgrounds to create a unified sense of self

A

Integrationalist Identity

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18
Q

An approach that transcends traditional identity categories, focusing on a fluid, universal understanding of self beyond fixed labels

A

Transcendentalist Identity

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19
Q

process referring to the gradual development of a new ethnic identity in response to social changes

A

Ethnogenesis

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20
Q

Members of ethnic minority groups must abandon their native traditions and adopt those of the mainstream culture

A

Assimilation

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21
Q

Encouraging respect of ethnic and cultural diversity as a quality that enriches society

A

Multiculturalism

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22
Q

Creation of new hybrid
identities as groups mix

A

Amalgamation

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23
Q

innate ability for developing children to acquire language

A

Universal Grammar

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24
Q

Children will gradually lose ability to acquire language naturally

A

Critical Age Range Hypothesis

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25
Q

allow for the creation of new words and expressions. They can expand and evolve over time

A

Open System

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26
Q

have a fixed set of elements that do not allow for the creation of new words or structures

A

Closed System

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27
Q

What are the non-verbal modes of communication?

A

Kinesics (body language)
Proxemics (use of space)
Paralanguage (background features of speech or sounds that convey meaning)

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28
Q

Encompasses gestures,
body position, movement, facial
expressions, and eye contact.

A

Kinesics

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29
Q

Study of how individuals use space in social interactions

A

Proxemics

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30
Q

Elements of speech beyond actual words

A

Paralanguage

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31
Q

branch dedicated to analyzing the structures of language

A

Descriptive linguistics

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32
Q

use of several varieties of language in a particular interaction

A

Code-switching

33
Q

the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food

A

Subsistence Systems

34
Q

the cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating

A

Foodways

35
Q

describes the amount of calories that can be produced from a specific area of land to sustain a population

A

Carrying Capacity

36
Q

labor leads directly to food

A

Immediate return system

37
Q

reflects a longer-term investment in food production

A

Delayed return system

38
Q

Measure of interpersonal conflicts in a community

A

Social Density

39
Q

a ceremony in which possessions are given away, or destroyed, to display wealth, generosity and enhance prestige

A

Potlatch

40
Q

the study of how cultures evolve with their environments

A

Historical Ecology

41
Q

Growing a mix of different plants in
biodiverse gardens

A

Multi-cropping

42
Q

combination of different crops (ex. The Three Sisters: beans, corn and squash)

A

Intercropping

43
Q

farming that uses a lot of machinery, labour, chemicals, etc. to grow as many crops or keep as many animals as possible on the amount of land available

A

Intensive Agriculture

44
Q

the practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land

A

Monocropping

45
Q

evoke specific memories often linked to childhood experiences

A

Nostalgic Food

46
Q

Feelings of guilt when food is used to cope with negative emotions

A

Indulgent Comfort

47
Q

Memories linked to facts and narratives from recipes and food histories, shaping our experiences with food

A

Cognitive Memories

48
Q

Memories developed through repeated actions (e.g., chopping, baking) that reinforce skills and knowledge

A

Habitual Memories

49
Q

Enacted through food preparation and rituals, these memories are tied to physical actions like kneading dough, connecting us to past experiences and communal bonds

A

Performative Memories

50
Q

A term used to describe a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories

A

Homo economicus

51
Q

social relations through which human labour is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

A

Mode of Production

52
Q

A good that can be bought, sold or exchanged in a market

A

Commodity

53
Q

The path and people an item passes through between producer and consumer

A

Commodity Chain

54
Q

contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values

A

Political economy

55
Q

a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs

A

Structural violence

56
Q

Armchair anthropologist, relied solely on other peoples biased reports, wrote The Golden Bough (1890)

A

Sir James Frazer

57
Q

Armchair anthropologist, created first definition of culture, believed humans went through stages Savagery > Barbarism > Civilization

A

Sir E.B. Tylor

58
Q

First ethnographer to fully immerse themselves, participant-observation

A

stanislaw malinowski

59
Q

Cultural traditions developed as a response to basic human needs

A

Functionalism

60
Q

emphasis on how the interaction between social structures preserves institutions and order in society

A

Structural-functionalism

61
Q

symbols are used throughout society to maintain order and one way to do this is through rituals

A

Symbolic anthropology

62
Q

Father of cultural anthropology in the US, redirected the field towards cultural relativism and participant-observation fieldwork

A

Franz Boas

63
Q

the in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people

A

Ethnography

64
Q

sought to preserve, document, and collect artifacts of “primitive” and “disappearing” cultures

A

salvage ethnography

65
Q

Cultural, Biological, Linguistic and Archaeological anthropology

A

the four fields approach

66
Q

language shapes the way we think about the world, but does not constrain it

A

Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

67
Q

located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for language production

A

Broca’s area

68
Q

located in the temporal lobe, is involved in language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

69
Q

often used to describe a subordinate variety of a language (result of colonization)

A

dialect

70
Q

Relies on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment, only immediate return system

A

foraging (hunter-gatherer)

71
Q

Relies on herds of domesticated livestock

A

Pastoralism

72
Q

Relies on small gardens that move periodically, supplement their diets by raising animals for protein

A

Horticulture

73
Q

Cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies such as irrigation, draft animals, mechanization, and chemical inputs

A

Agriculture

74
Q

Involves money, bargaining, and supply-demand pricing. Primary focus of contemporary economics.

A

Market Exchange

75
Q

Exchange based on mutual obligations and shared identities.

A

Reciprocity

76
Q

Authority figures (e.g., priests, chiefs) collect and redistribute community contributions. Requires organization and structure, even on a small scale.

A

Redistribution

77
Q

Exact value of the gift and time is not specified. Gifts are not recorded

A

Generalized reciprocity

78
Q

Something of equal value and time period is expected (Kula ring)
Between acquaintances, not close
family; trust is essential.

A

Balanced reciprocity

79
Q

attempt to get something for nothing (gambling, scam emails, market exchanges)

A

Negative reciprocity

ANTH 203 (1 decks)

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