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S24 > Anth 1 > Flashcards

Anth 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of the human condition or species, its evolution thru time, its variations over time and space

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2
Q

two things anthropology strives to do

A

Make the familiar strange
make the strange familiar

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3
Q

Kottak anthropology

A

organized life in groups
study of human species and its immediate ancestors

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4
Q

4 fields of anthropology

A

cultural, archaeological, biological, linguistic

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5
Q

Cultural anthropolgy

A

cultural being social can be learned through direct or indirect ways
ex: how we view things socially such as female swimmers

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6
Q

archaeological anthropology

A

looking at past cultures or artifacts that allow anthropologists to draw conclusions about social organization, diet, culture shift, etc.

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7
Q

biological anthropology

A

focuses on human biological diversity in time and space units through human evolution, genetics, growth/development, biological plasticity, primates

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8
Q

What do anthropologists strive to show

A

to explain similarities and differences among humans through comparison

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9
Q

Enculturation

A

learning our cultures from the times of birth throughout our lives; can be direct (told) or indirect (picking up through observation)

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10
Q

holism

A

the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

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11
Q

applied anthropology

A

application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify and assess contemporary social problems

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12
Q

anthropologu as a qualitative science

A

more depth driven; less focused on data

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13
Q

anthropology as a quantitive science

A

number driven science

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14
Q

ethnography

A

based on fieldwork and provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture

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15
Q

ethnology

A

based on cross cultural comparison and examines, compares, interprets, and analyzes results of ethnography (more global and theoretical)

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16
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A

one of founding fathers of anthropology; consolidated an ethnographic fieldwork program while in trobrian islands during WWI

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17
Q

Malinowski’s approach

A
  1. cut yourself off from own kind of people
  2. immerse yourself in social world you’re studying (patterns, everyday life, anecdotes)
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18
Q

Point in Malinowski’s approach

A

in order to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, and to realize his vision of his world

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19
Q

ethnographical research

A

long-term residence in community
- learning a new language/from of communication
- developing intimate relationships w people unlike you

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20
Q

participant observation

A

a characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing

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21
Q

rapport

A

good, friendly working relationship with the people you are working with (hosts)

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22
Q

emic

A

local perspectives, experiential particular

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23
Q

etic

A

outsider perspective, more scientific looking at the ‘big picture’

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24
Q

genealogical method

A

documenting who is related to who or who married who in order to get a good idea of patterns

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25
Q

key cultural consultants

A

key informants; people who will help teach you; power is associated

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26
Q

life history

A

cultural biography looking in depth that can speak to the culture as a whole

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27
Q

longitudinal research

A

studies short research periods several frequencies to look at change over time

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28
Q

problem0oriented research

A

tries to solve larger social issues

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29
Q

team research

A

teams of scientists working together

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30
Q

multi-sited ethnography

A

having program with multiple sites

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31
Q

ethics

A

anthropologists have a duty to their field of study and must follow code of morals

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32
Q

informed consent

A

agreement to take part in the research after having been informed about its nature, procedures, and possible impacts

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33
Q

native realism

A

assuming everyone thinks with equality/on the same level on certain social issues/cultures

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34
Q

Definition of Culture

A

(E.B. Tyler) complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member society

this was the first inclusive, anthropological definition of culture

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35
Q

Human culture is dependent on

A
  1. symbolic communication
  2. learning
  3. The ability to live group

all 3 rooted in human biology but don’t depend upon biology

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36
Q

distinctive features of culture

A

learned, shared, symbolic, shapes and channel nature, all encompassing, integrated, adaptive/maladaptive, changing, inclusive/excludive

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37
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own values in judgin the behavior and belief of people in other cultures

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38
Q

cultural relativism

A

viewpoint that behavior one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture; counteract ethnocentrism

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39
Q

diffusion

A

borrowing of culture between cultures; can be direct or indirect

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40
Q

acculturation

A

ongoing exchange of cultures in which either or both cultures can change; always direct

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41
Q

independent invention

A

process by which humans innovate create; common trends emerge independently

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42
Q

globalization

A

process that connects the changes in economic, technologic, social spheres; accentuates differences as well as individualization

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43
Q

international culture

A

extends beyond and across national boundaries
ex: equality, democracy

44
Q

national culture

A

values instilled and shared among those in the same nation
ex: movies, dress

45
Q

subcultures

A

different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with a particular group
ex: ethnicity, job-related culture, being part of a team

46
Q

symbol

A

signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they stand for

47
Q

3 cultural dimensions

A

universality, generality, particularity

48
Q

universality

A

certain things shared by everyone, very broad
ex: language, kinship, marriage customs

49
Q

generality

A

things a little more specific to each culture
ex: english is a common language, monogamy is common type of marriage

50
Q

particularity

A

less common things shared
ex: polygamy practice

51
Q

primate call systems

A

natural communication system that consists of a limited number of sounds (calls) produced only when environmental stimuli are encountered

52
Q

cultural transmission

A

communication system through learning is a fundamental attribute of language

53
Q

non-human primate language

A

washoe, lucy, other primates learned american sign language

54
Q

productivity

A

change and new symbols/words can be created
ex; jorts

55
Q

displacement

A

language is not bound to specific times, situation, or places; abstract

56
Q

conventionality

A

language is a constant force but is able to change over time

57
Q

distinctive features of language

A

conventionality, displacement, productivity, culutural transmission

58
Q

FOXP2 Gene

A

gene that can allow or restrict people from speaking

59
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

human symbol systems are complex as well as their gestures and vocalizations

60
Q

focal vocabulary

A

set of terms and definitions that certain groups of people come to share by way of mutual interest and participation in certain activies

61
Q

semantics

A

language’s meaning system

62
Q

phoneme

A

sound contrast that makes a difference

63
Q

phonology

A

study of speech sounds; considers what sounds are present and meaningful in a given language

64
Q

minimal pairs

A

words that resemble each other in all but one sound

65
Q

morpheme

A

words and their meaningful parts

66
Q

morphology

A

studies how sounds comine words, focuses on morphemes

67
Q

Noam Chomsky and Universal Grammar

A

He argues that as humans we have a born, innate language

“colorless green ideas sleep furiously”- surface structure is meaningless is recognized as sentence; deep stricture=intelligible

68
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Edward Sapir/Benjamin Whorf
the language a person speaks can significantly influence their worldview, thought processes, and even how they experience and understand the world

69
Q

language and reality

A

there is no reality we can perceive that exists independently of language

70
Q

Style shifts

A

switching dialects

71
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation

72
Q

Diglossia

A

applies to “high” and “low” variants of the same language

73
Q

Ethnic group

A

members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms, because of their common background

74
Q

ethnicity

A

based on similarities and differences in a society or nation; it is inclusive and exclusive

75
Q

race

A

when an ethnic group is assumed to have a biological basis

76
Q

racism

A

discrimination against a race

77
Q

Prejudice

A

devaluing a group based on its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

78
Q

Stereotypes

A

fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like

79
Q

Discrimination

A

refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members

80
Q

race/ethnicity as social constructions

A

prejudices, stereotypes, discriminations, conflict violence, genocide, etc.

81
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

W.I. Thomas: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

82
Q

Genocide

A

deliberate elimination of a group

83
Q

Ethnocide

A

force certain group of to adopt dominant culture (forced assimilation)

84
Q

cultural colonialism

A

Internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

85
Q

Assimilation

A

process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates -> melting pot

86
Q

acculturation

A

more diverstiy and maintaining distinction while joining together -> tossed salad

87
Q

minority group

A

subordinate ethnic groups

88
Q

Majority group

A

superior, more dominant ethnic groups

89
Q

social stratification

A

sharp social divisions based on unequal power

90
Q

hypodescent

A

rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members if different socioeconomic groups in less privileged

91
Q

Burakumin in Japan

A

did unclean jobs and were looked down upon, as well as anyone in their lineage

92
Q

Race in Brazil

A

has many different classifications such as hair color, eye color, facial features, etc.

93
Q

benedict Anderson

A

accoding to anderson’s theory of imagined communites, the main causes of nationalism are the declining importance of privileged access to particular script languages

94
Q

nation-states as imagined communities

A
  1. capitalism (system of produciton and productive relations)
  2. Print technology (newspaper)
  3. The fatlity of linguistic diversity
95
Q

characteristics of a nation state

A

imagined: don’t see most members
limited; not everyone can be in it
sovereign; free
community: alike bc its a nation

96
Q

plural society

A

group maintain
ecological/economic specializations so that competition and antagonism between them is minimized

97
Q

mulitculturalism

A

cutural diversity is encouraged such as the US

98
Q

creationism

A

part of biblical worldview assuming that God created the universe and all living things

99
Q

Catastrophism

A

developed as an alternative attempt to make sense of the fossil record; sought to explain today’s species

100
Q

evolutionism

A

assumes that existing animal species evolved gradually out of common ancestors

101
Q

uniformitarianism

A

states that the present is the key to the past

102
Q

darwin/wallace

A

presented going theory of natural selection stating that there was
1. variation within a population
2. competition for strategic resources
3. bc of variations some organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce than others
4. over time, less fit organisms are replaced

103
Q

mendelian genetics

A

studies the way in which chromosomes transmit gene across the generations

104
Q

population genetics

A

investigates natural selection and other causes of genetic variation, stability, and change in breeding populations

105
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a given gene

106
Q

independent assortment

A

chromosomes are inherited independently of each other

S24 (3 decks)

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