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Gross Anatomy > Anterolateral Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior trunk (rough)?

A

costal margin and hips.

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2
Q

What are the surface anatomy features of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Clavicle, sternum, trapezius, pec. major, umbilicus

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3
Q

What are the skin specializations found in the abdominal wall?

A

Areolae, nipples, nevi (moles)
all surface anatomy features of anterolatral abdominal wall

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4
Q

What is the umbilicus?

A

Equivalent to a scar that was an opening for fetal structures.

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5
Q

What are the two layers of fascia in the lower abdominal hypodermis from superficial to deep?

A

Camper’s fascia (superficial) and Scarpa’s fascia (deep).

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6
Q

Are long vessels (arteries and veins) superficial or deep to muscles in the lower abdomen?

A

Superficial.

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7
Q

Where does the superficial epigastric artery branch from?

A

Femoral artery.

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8
Q

Where does the superficial circumflex iliac artery branch from?

A

Femoral artery.

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9
Q

What is the location of the superficial epigastric artery?

A

Courses superior toward umbilicus.

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10
Q

What is the location of the superficial circumflex iliac artery?

A

Courses laterally towards ASIS.

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11
Q

Which layer of fascia is the membranous layer?

A

Scarpa’s fascia - a collection of collagen and elastic fibers that act as a scaffold for skin.

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12
Q

Which layer of fascia is the fatty layer?

A

Camper’s fascia - more superficial.

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13
Q

What is a hernia?

A

A protrusion of an organ or part (such as the intestine) through connective tissue or through a wall of the cavity (as of the abdomen) in which it is normally enclosed.

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14
Q

What are possible abdominal wall hernias?

A

Incisional, umbilical, epigastric, spigelian, inguinal, femoral.

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15
Q

List the muscles in the anterior abdominal wall.

A

Rectus abdominis, pyramidalis.

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16
Q

What is the shape of the rectus abdominis?

A

Bilateral straight muscle partitioned/divided by tendinous intersections.

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17
Q

What is the shape of the pyramidalis?

A

Small triangular muscle near pubis - of little significance.

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18
Q

What are the attachments of the rectus abdominis?

A

Pubic symphysis, pubic crest and tubercle, costal cartilages 5-7.

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A

Ventral rami of T7-T12.

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20
Q

What are the hip bones?

A

Paired attachments of lower limb to vertebral column.

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21
Q

Where are the hip bones joined anteriorly?

A

Pubic symphysis.

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22
Q

Where are the hip bones joined posteriorly?

A

Sacrum.

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23
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

Fused inferior vertebrae.

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24
Q

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

Anterior joint between hip bones - has fibrocartilage interpubic disc (very similar to intervertebral disc).

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25
Q

How do lumbar vertebrae curve?

A

Lordotically; convex anteriorly.

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26
Q

How is the pelvis oriented?

A

Tilted anteriorly in anatomical position.

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27
Q

What is the pubic crest?

A

Superomedial aspect of pubis.

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28
Q

What is the pubic tubercle?

A

Small eminence on pubic crest.

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29
Q

List the muscles in the lateral abdominal wall.

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis.

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30
Q

What direction are internal and external oblique muscles going on contralateral sides?

A

Same direction.

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31
Q

What are the attachments of the external oblique?

A

Ribs 5-12, anterior 1/2 of iliac crest, xiphoid process, pubic symphysis, pubic crest and tubercle, ASIS.

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32
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

T7-T12 (same as rectus abdominis).

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33
Q

What is the iliac crest?

A

Superior edge of broad superior part of hip bone.

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34
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?

A

Anterior projection at end of iliac crest.

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35
Q

What are the attachments of the internal oblique?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament, ribs 10-12, linea alba, conjoint tendon.

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36
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique?

A

T7-L1 ventral rami.

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37
Q

What is thoracolumbar fascia?

A

3 layers of connective tissue that surrounds the muscles of the back - stabilizes lower back by transferring load from trunk to limbs.

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38
Q

Where is the transversus abdominis located?

A

Deepest lateral abdominal muscle - fibers oriented horizontally and more posteriorly.

39
Q

Where is the best location to differentiate fiber direction between internal oblique and transversus abdominis?

A

Posteriorly (internal on left, transversus on the right).

40
Q

What are the attachments of the transversus abdominis?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, linea alba, conjoint tendon.

41
Q

What is the innervation of the transversus abdominis?

A

T7-L1 (same as internal oblique).

42
Q

Where does the anterior abdominal neurovascular bundle run?

A

Between internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

43
Q

What does L1 ventral ramus split into?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve (more superior) and ilioinguinal nerve (courses through inguinal canal).

44
Q

What spinal nerve supplies the umbilicus dermatome?

A

T10.

45
Q

List the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

A

Quadratus lumborum, psoas major, iliacus.

46
Q

What is the shape of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Quadrangular-shaped muscle between 12th rib and hip.

47
Q

What is the shape of the psoas major?

A

Long muscles on either side of the lumbar vertebrae coursing across the pelvis.

48
Q

Where is the iliacus located?

A

Lays on deep surface of hip and joins psoas major in the lower limb.

49
Q

What are the attachments of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Iliac crest, 12th rib, transverse processes of L1-L4.

50
Q

What is the innervation of the quadratus lumborum?

A

T12-L4.

51
Q

What are the trunk actions?

A

Flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation.

52
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal wall?

A

Support abdominal viscera, trunk cavity pressure regulation, movement of the trunk, assistance in respiration, posture maintenance.

53
Q

What muscles are involved in trunk flexion?

A

Bilateral rectus abdominis, bilateral external oblique, bilateral internal oblique, bilateral psoas major.

54
Q

What muscles are involved in trunk lateral flexion?

A

Ipsilateral quadratus lumborum, ipsilateral external oblique, ipsilateral internal oblique, ipsilateral psoas major, ipsilateral rectus abdominis.

55
Q

What muscles are involved in trunk rotation?

A

Contralateral external oblique, ipsilateral internal oblique.

56
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Tendinous raphe between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis, formed by interweaving aponeuroses of lateral abdominal muscles.

57
Q

What are the tendinous intersections?

A

Transverse fibrous bands that segment rectus abdominis.

58
Q

What is the superior border of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Thoracic diaphragm.

59
Q

What is the inferior border of the abdominal pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic diaphragm.

60
Q

Does the abdominopelvic cavity contain abdominal and pelvic viscera?

A

Yes.

61
Q

What is the term for internal organs housed by the musculoskeletal system?

A

Viscera.

62
Q

What are viscera covered with?

A

Collapsed bursal sacs, so two continuous layers: visceral (deep) and parietal (superficial).

63
Q

Is there a layer of fascia superficial to the parietal layer of serous membrane?

A

Yes.

64
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurotic covering of the rectus abdominis - formed by aponeuroses of lateral abdominal muscles.

65
Q

How many layers of rectus sheath encase the rectus abdominis?

A

2 - anterior and posterior.

66
Q

Where is the posterior rectus sheath located?

A

Only superior to arcuate line.

67
Q

What is the superior rectus sheath?

A

Layers (anterior and posterior) are equal - both have 3 layers.

68
Q

What is the inferior rectus sheath?

A

All anterior leaving only intrabdominal tissues posterior to the rectus abdominis.

69
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Inferior to umbilicus, posterior layer of rectus sheath joins anterior layer.

70
Q

List the three types of fascia in the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Transversalis fascia, endoabdominal fascia, peritoneum.

71
Q

What is transversalis fascia?

A

Outline of the endoabdominal fascia - fascia deep to transversus abdominis.

72
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Deep to endoabdominal fascia.

73
Q

What fascia is between transversalis fascia and peritoneum?

A

Endoabdominal fascia.

74
Q

Where does the superior epigastric artery course?

A

Deep to rectus abdominis as continuation of internal thoracic artery.

75
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery course?

A

Deep to rectus abdominis - branches from external iliac artery.

76
Q

What is the epigastric anastomose?

A

Around the umbilicus.

77
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A passageway from abdominal cavity to external environment.

78
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Pouch of skin and fascia that houses testes.

79
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord (males only), round ligament (females only), ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.

80
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Opening in external oblique aponeurosis.

81
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Opening in transversalis fascia.

82
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

United medial aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

83
Q

What does the descent of testes from abdomen to scrotum do?

A

Brings abdominal tissues into scrotum.

84
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

Longitudinal muscle in spermatic cord derived from internal oblique.

85
Q

Where does the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve course?

A

Through inguinal canal to innervate cremaster muscle.

86
Q

What is the innervation of the cremaster muscle?

A

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.

87
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve pass?

A

Through superficial inguinal ring and conveys sensation from scrotum or labius majus.

88
Q

How do reflexes work?

A

Afferent fibers relay directly on motor neuron (or interneuron).

89
Q

What is the inguinal ligament the inferior border of?

A

External oblique aponeurosis.

90
Q

What are the bony attachments of the inguinal ligament?

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle.

91
Q

Where is the retroinguinal space?

A

Inferior to inguinal ligament.

92
Q

What is in the retroinguinal space?

A

Femoral neurovasculature courses and iliopsoas emerges.

93
Q

What is the inguinal triangle?

A

Site of direct inguinal hernias medial to inferior epigastric vessels.

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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