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SFIV Test 2 > Anterior Pituitary Hormones > Flashcards

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are in the glycoprotein family?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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2
Q

What are the two subunits of the glycoprotein family hormones?

A

a-subunit - Identical in all proteins in this family

B-subunit - Unique for each protein and responsible for conferring biological activity

Both subunits required for binding and biological activity

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3
Q

What signaling pathway do glycoprotein hormones activate?

A

cAMP signaling pathway

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4
Q

What hormones are in the somatomammotropin family?

A

Growth hormone (two different forms can be made from the same gene)

Prolactin

Placental GH and Chorionic somatomammotropin/placental lactogen share significant homology to these hormones

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5
Q

What hormones are in the proopiomelanocortin family?

A

Adrenocorticotropin

All peptides in this family are products of a single gene that encodes for a large precursor molecule, POMC

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6
Q

What is GH binding protein?

A

Binds about half of GH in circulation

Same molecular structure as external portion of the GH receptor

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7
Q

What is the result of GH action on target tissue?

A

Production of IGF-1 that induces most of the growth promoting actions of GH

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8
Q

What mediates GH action on skeletal growth?

A

IGF-1

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9
Q

What are the metabolic effects of GH?

A

Stimulates lipolysis

Inhibits glucose uptake and oxidation

Increases whole body protein synthesis

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10
Q

What may be caused with the decrease in GH secretion that occurs with aging?

A

Age-related muscle wasting

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11
Q

What signaling pathway does the GH receptor activate

A

JAK-STAT pathway

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12
Q

What are the sources of IGF-1?

A

Major source for circulating IGF-1 is the liver

Locally produced IGH-1 by target cells also mediates action

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13
Q

What part of the bone expresses receptors for GH and IGF-1?

A

Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plates

Synthesize and release IGH-1 in response to GH stimulation

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14
Q

What are the functions of IGF binding proteins?

A

Provide a circulating reservoir for IGF

Increase half life of IGF

Modulate IGF bioavailability

Potentiate or inhibit IGF action

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15
Q

How is most IGF in the blood transported?

A

Large molecular weight complex composed of:

IGF

IGFBP-3

ALS (glycoprotein)

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16
Q

What is the function of IGFB proteases?

A

Degrade IGFBPs, increasing the affinity of IGF-1 for its receptor

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of IGF-1?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase that activates the Ras/Map Kinase pathway

18
Q

What are the specific effects of IGFs?

A

Stimulation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

Cell proliferation

Insulin-like effects on adipose tissue and muscle

19
Q

What is growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

Stimulates the synthesis and release of GH via G-protein mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase

Actions enhanced by ghrelin

20
Q

What is the function of somatostatin (as it relates to growth hormone)?

A

Blocks basal and GHRH-stimulated GH release

Mediated by Gi protein

21
Q

Describe the negative feedback control of GH secreiton

A

Negative feedback inhibition exerted primarily by the actions of IGF-1

Gh inhibits its own release via short feedback loop to the hypothalamus

22
Q

What is the pattern of GH release?

A

Released in secretory pulses

Released in a circadian pattern that occurs about 1-2 hours after the onset of deep sleep

23
Q

What are the physiological stimuli of GH secretion?

A

Stress

Postprandial hypoglycemia (fast)

Protein meal

Sex steroids

Ghrelin

24
Q

What conditions have an inhibitory effect on GH secretion?

A

Hyperglycemia

Elevated levels of FFAs

25
Q

What occurs to GH and IGF-1 release during starvation and protein-calorie malnutrition?

A

GH levels elevated

Total circulating levels of IGF-1 are decreased

26
Q

What are the effects of age on GH production?

A

GH production highest during adolescent growth spurt

GH secretion decreases gradually during the 3rd and 4th decades

IGF levels decline proportionally

SFIV Test 2 (13 decks)

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