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Physiology 1 > Anterior Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Anterior Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Communication with hypothalamus

A

Only vascular

No tissue connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Control Regulation

A

Control regulated by hormones that will arrive via hypophyseal portal system

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3
Q

Releasing Hormones General

A

Made by hypothalamus
Target anterior pituitary gland
cause it to produce/release another hormone into systemic circulation (tropic effects)

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4
Q

Stimulating Hormones General

A

Made by anterior pituitary gland
target cells/organs in the peripheral body
cause some targets to produce/release another hormone and others have non-endocrine effects in other targets (tropic and non tropic effects)

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5
Q

Cell Population of Anterior Pituitary

A

Six separate populations of cells (6 types of releasing/stimulating hormones)
All individual cell have a receptor for a specific releasing hormone from hypothalamus and the machinery to make one type of stimulating hormone (each releasing hormone has 1 specific stimulating hormone)
Some cells also have receptors for a specific inhibiting hormone made by the hypothalamus (GH and prolactin)

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6
Q

Anterior Pituitary Function vs. Posterior

A

Anterior pituitary gland MAKES and releases hormones

Posterior pituitary gland stores hormones that were made in the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Anterior Pit. Hormones General

A

All are peptides

and all are stimulating hormones

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8
Q

2 Functional Groups of Anterior Pit. Hormones

A
  1. Those targeting non-endocrine targets (non tropic)- certain aspects of growth (body in general) and mammary gland/milk production
  2. Those targeting endocrine targets (tropic)- adrenal cortices (glucocorticoids), thyroid gland (thyroid hormones), gonads (sex hormones), and skeletal muscle/liver (for growth)
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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
All are stimulating hormones
Non-tropic:
1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Prolactin
Tropic:
3. Corticotropin (CTH or ACTH)
4. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
5. Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
(1. Growth Hormone)
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10
Q

Growth Hormone Terminology

A

Somatotropin (ST)= Growth Hormone (GH) from anterior pituitary
Somatostatin (SS)= Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) from hypothalamus
Somatomedins (S’Md)= Insulin Like Growth Factors (IGF’s) from tissues

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11
Q

IGF’s

A

Insuling like growth factors (or somatomedins)
Peptides that promote growth
Multiple types made by several tissues which cause the direct growth of cells

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12
Q

Metabolic effects of growth hormone

A

(Non growth related effects)
Mobilize fat stores as primary energy source so we don’t use proteins/carbohydrates so we can save muscle and glucose (brain can only use glucose)

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13
Q

Growth related effects of growth hormone

A

Primary direct effect of GH on target tissue= release of somatomedins (not bodily growth)

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14
Q

Somatomedins (IGF’s)

A

A group of GH/ST related growth factors made mainly by the liver (but also other tissues)
These are the cells which actually cause bodily growth (bone, cartilage and muscle)
Travel through systemic circulation and increase linear growth (height), lean body mass, organ size/function
Mediate protein, fat, CHO, Ca, PO4 metabolism

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15
Q

Difference between Somatomedins and Growth Hormone in body

A

Toy Poodles= Small amount of S’md
Mini Poodles= Medium amount of S’md
Standard Poodle= Large amount of S’md
All 3 have same amount of GH but liver doesn’t respond as vigorously with S’mds in the smaller breeds

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16
Q

Regulation of GH- promote secretion

A

Hypothalamus integrates bodily signals then releases GHRH which goes (via hypophyseal portal system) to anterior pituitary
Ant. Pit responds to GHRH by releasing GH
GH travels to target tissues via systemic circulation to target tissues and trigger somatomedins which are released and act

17
Q

Regulation of GH- Inhibit Secretion

A

Long loop negative feedback presumably caused by secretion of GHIH from hypothalamus
Increased GH and/or somatomedin blood levels communicate back to hypothalamus and caused reduced GH release

18
Q

Regulation of somatomedin- promote secretion

A

GH/ST arrival at target tissues causes release of SM

19
Q

Regulation of somatomedin- inhibit secretion

A

Negative feedback loop
Both GH and SM’s inhibit secretion by anterior pit.
With the loss of GH, SM secretion decreases

20
Q

Prolactin

A

Non- Tropic
Targets mammary gland
Induces and maintains milk PRODUCTION

21
Q

Regulation of prolactin

A

Negative feedback (involves dopamine)
PIH- Prolactin inhibiting hormone
Involves inhibition or loss of inhibition

22
Q

Corticotropin

A

(CH) aka Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Tropic
Targets adrenal cortex

23
Q

Corticotropin function

A

Stimulates adrenal cortical growth and activity

Increases plasma levels of corticosteroids

24
Q

ACTH and melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

ACTH contains the amino acid structure of MSH

Skin darkening is one clinical sign of conditions having HIGH plasma ACTH (ex. addisons)

25
Q

Regulation of CH/ACTH

A

Increased plasma levels exert negative feedback for inhibition
The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis regulates ACTH secretion

26
Q

Common abnormalities of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings Disease)

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons Disease)

27
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

(TSH)- Tropic
Affects thyroid follicular cells
Causes secretion of thyroid hormone

28
Q

Regulation of TSH secretion

A

Primarily through thyroid hormones negative feedback to pituitary gland and hypothalamus

29
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Tropic

Affects gonadal tissue in both genders

30
Q

FSH in Males

A

Promotes spermatogenesis by seminiferous tubule

31
Q

FSH in Females

A

Promotes ovarian follicular growth and estrogen production

32
Q

Luteinizing Hormones (LH)

A

Tropic

Affects gonadal tissue in both genders

33
Q

LH in Males

A

Promotes testosterone production by interstitial cells

34
Q

LH in Females

A

Promotes follicular rupture (ovulation) and promotes progesterone production by ovulated follicle

Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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