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OB > Antepartum Part 1 > Flashcards

Antepartum Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 female hormones

A

estrogen
progesterone
prostaglandins

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2
Q

estrogen

A

female secondary sex characteristics
follicle maturation
proliferation of endometrial mucosa

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3
Q

Progesterone

A

decrease urine motility & contractility to build up the endometrium

proliferation of the endometrium

secretion of thick viscous mucous by the cervix

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4
Q

prostaglandins

A

promote smooth muscle relaxation

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5
Q

neurohormonal basis of female reproductive cycle

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

causes anterior pituitary to release

- FSH 
- LH
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6
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

helps w/ maturation of the follicle

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7
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

Increases production of prgesterone

release of mature follicle from the ovary

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8
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Includes follicular phase and luteal phase

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9
Q

Follicular Phase

A

days 1-14
under dual control of FSH & LH
ovulation
body temp increases after ovulation

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10
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Days 15-28

begins when ovum leaves follicle

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11
Q

Endometrial Cycle

A

“uterine or menstrual cycle”

includes: -menstrual phase
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
- ischemic phase

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12
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

menstruation occurs in response to low levels of estrogen & progesterone

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13
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

the endometrial glands enlarge in response to increased estrogen levels

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14
Q

Secretory Phase

A

endometrium undergoes slight cellular growth due to estrogen

progesterone causes marked swelling and growth

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15
Q

Ischemic Phase

A

begins if fertilization does NOT occur

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

women usually ovulate 14 days before their next menses

after ovulation the ovum can remain viable for approx 24 hrs

sperm remains fertile for 72 hrs and up to 5 days

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17
Q

Calculating window for fertility

A

calendar based isn’t accurate, especially w/ irreg cycles

can check cervical mucous:

- scant, thick & sticky = ovulation
- mucous becomes thin and clear before ovulation= promotes 	sperm movement
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18
Q

Infertility

A

failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 mos.

- sterility
- primary infertility
- secondary infertility
- fecundidity
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19
Q

Sterility

A

inability to produce pregnancy

20
Q

Primary infertility

A

those who have never conceived

21
Q

Secondary infertility

A

those who have conceived in the past

22
Q

Fecundidity

A

the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring

23
Q

Causes for infertility

A

ovulatory dysfunction
tubal & peritoneal pathology
male factors

24
Q

Ovulatory Dysfunction

A

increases w/ age, fertility peak @20-24 yrs
increase is due to: -progressive follicular depeltion
-PCOS
-hypothyroidism & hyperprolactimemia

25
Q

Tubal & pelvic problems

A 
endometriosis and uterine surgery
tubal scarring from PID
ghonorrhea & chlamydia
Asherman's syndrome
most common cause is D&C
26
Q

lifestyle and environmental factors

A 
can affect both men and women
smoking & drug use
alcohol
obesity
repeated exposure to chemicals, radiation & heavy metals
27
Q

Male Factors

A 
abnormalities in #, shape, swimming motion & viscosity of sperm
endocrine disorders
adrenal hyperplasia
sexual dysfunction
anatomic disorders
28
Q

Gametogenisis

A

requires meosis
production of new organism (2 stages)
results in gametes (sperm & ovum) unite to form zygote (46 chromosomes)

29
Q

Gametogenisis 1st division

A

chromosomes replicate, pair & exchange info

chromosome pairs separate & cell divides

30
Q

Gametogenisis 2nd division

A

chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles
cells divide forming 4 daughter cells
haploid cells (23 chromosomes, 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome)
Mutations (trisomy)

31
Q

Germinal stage

pre-embryonic

A 
first 14 days of human development
morula is formed (12-16 cells)
blastocyst (100 cells)
inner cell mast develops into fetus
trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) develops into placenta & fetal membranes
32
Q

Implantation of Conceptus

A

right place, right time
site: fundus
critical to have continuous supply of hormones
occurs between 6th-10th days
zygote secretes HCG-> corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone

33
Q

False negative pregnancy tests

A

HCG can’t be detected until after implantation

–> results in false negative if the test is done too early

34
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

single ovum & sperm divides into 2 identical twins
same genetic material, same gender
two amnions, one chorion, one placenta

35
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

two ova fertilized by 2 sperms
may or may not be same gender, not identical
two amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas

36
Q

HCG & Progesterone

A

HCG 17-7340 mIU/ml- normal @5 wks
Progesterone 12-20 ng/ml @5-6 wks
HCCG should increase 60% q 2-3 days or double q 48-72 hrs
progesterone should increase 1-3 ng/ml every couple days

37
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

3rd-8th week
most likely time for any fetal damage due to teratogens
all organs are forming

38
Q

Week 3

A

menstrual period missed
embryonic disk- 3 germ layers form
early heart development starts

39
Q

Week 4

A 
folds at head and tail forming "C"
neural tube closes
beginnings of internal eye and ear 
upper ext. bud
lungs & GI tract start development
40
Q

Week 5

A

embryo is 4 in w/ large head
heart develops 4 chambers
lower ext bud
placenta works its way into endometrium & blood vessels, embryo rids itself of waste products

41
Q

Week 6

A

heart reaches final 4 chamber form
facial & ear develop
midline gap closes, tail starts to recede
digits develop
yolk sac inside GI sac–> earliest source of nutrients

42
Q

Week 7

A

eyelids & internal organs form

-liver, intestines, kidneys

43
Q

Week 8

A

every system is formes
eyelids are formed and fuse
external genitalia still differentiating

44
Q

Teratogens

A

TORCH

toxoplasmosis
other (syphillis, ghonorrhea, chlamydia etc)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Genitalis
45
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Risks: eating raw/ undercooked meat, cleaning cat litter box

leads to miscarriage, mental retardation, anemia, jaundice, deafness & seizures

later in pregnancy the inf. occurs= less severe to fetus

OB (3 decks)

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