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Mother/Infant > ANTEPARTUM #2 REPRODUCTION,CONCEPTION,FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT > Flashcards

ANTEPARTUM #2 REPRODUCTION,CONCEPTION,FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING IS DEPENDENT UPON HORMONAL ACTION

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • prostaglandins
  • FSH and LH
  • so what is the action of the hormones?
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2
Q

TWO PHASES OF THE OVULATION CYCLE

A

THE FILLICLE PHASE (DAYS 1-14)
-follicle matures and ovulation occurs

THE LUTEAL PHASE (DAY 15-28)the ovum leaves the follicle, and the corpus luteum develops from the ruptures follicle
-begins when

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3
Q

FOUR PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A
  • menstrual
  • poliferative
  • secretory
  • ischemic
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4
Q

MENSTRUAL PHASE

A

occurs during the menstrual phase with shedding of some, but not all endometrial cells

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5
Q

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

A

the endometrial cells enlarge and become twisted under the influence of estrogen, and the endometrium thickens

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6
Q

SECRETORY PHASE

A
  • progesterone causes marked swelling and the amount of tissue glycogen increases
  • vascularity of the entire uterus increases greatly, providing a nourishing bed for implantation
  • follows ovulation
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7
Q

ISCHEMIC PHASE

A
  • begins if implantation doesn’t occur
  • corpus luteum begins to degenerate
  • estrogen and progesterone levels fall
  • this phase is characterized by the escape of blood into the stromal cells of the uterus
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8
Q

MITOSIS

A

process of cellular division by which soma cells give birth to identical daughter cells

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9
Q

MEIOSIS

A

process of cellular division by which sex cells reproduce( known as gametogenesis)

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10
Q

OOGENESIS

A
  • produces the female gamete (ovum)
  • meiosis begins in oocytes before the female is born
  • suspended until puberty, just before ovulation the first meiotic division occurs
  • the second meiotic division is completed until immediately after fertilization
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11
Q

SPERMATOGENESIS

A

doesn’t begin to take place until puberty

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12
Q

TIMING FERTILIZATION

A
  • ova fertile 12 -72 hrs after ovulation
  • sperm survive 48-72hrs (highly fertile for 24 hrs)
  • timeframe for the two to unite is limited
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13
Q

THE OVUM CANNOT MOVE ON ITS OWN

A
  • high estrogen levels
  • peristalsis to move the ovum
  • thinning of the cervical mucus to facilitate sperm movement
  • fertilization takes place in the ampulla
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14
Q

EACH EJACULATION CONTAINS 200 TO 500 MILLION SPERMATOZOA

A
  • spermatozoa propel by movement of tails
  • transit time from the cervix into the fallopian tube

5 min
2-7 hrs

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15
Q

FERTILIZATION

A

a chemical reaction takes place when the sperm penetrates the ovum so that only a single sperm enters

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16
Q

NUCLEI UNITE

A
  • fertilization occurs
  • chromosomes pair up
  • diploid zygote results with 46 chromosomes
  • females are XX
  • males are XY
17
Q

TWINS

A

FRATERNAL

  • two ova and two sperm
  • originate at conception

IDENTICAL

  • single fertilized ovum
  • originate at different stages
18
Q

GESTATIONAL DATES(LMP) VS POST CONCEPTION DATES

A

-280 days or 10 lunar months or 40 weeks begins with first day of LMP

1st trimester- week 1-13
2nd trimester - week 14-26
3rd trimester- week 27 until term

-this is used in clinical

19
Q

MULITIPLICATION

A
  • cleavage series of rapid miotic divisions
  • cells form a morula (solid ball)
  • morula enters uterus and develops into a blastocyte with following components

fluid filled cavity
inner cluster of cells
~ developes into embryonic disk(embryo) and amnion (inner fetal membrane)

outer layer of cells called trophoblast
~developes into chorion(outer fetal membrane ) and fetal portion of placenta

20
Q

IMPLANATATION

A
  • 7-10 days after fertilization
  • blastocyst burrows into endometrium
  • endometrium now called decidua
  • basilis (paortion of endometrium directly under embedded blastocyst) maternal side of placenta develops from basilis
21
Q

PLACENTA

A
  • metabolic and nutrient exchange membrane allows maternal and fetal blood to remain separate
  • maternal portion (decidua)
  • fetal portion -consist of he chorionic villi formed from the trophblast
  • fetal surface covered by amnion
  • by week 14 a discrete organ
22
Q

PLACENTAL FUNCTIONS

A
  • by way of metabolic and transfer activities the placenta functions include:
nutrition 
excretion 
fetal respiration 
production of fetal nutrients 
production of hormones
23
Q

FETAL CIRCULATION

A
  • O2 concentration higher in maternal blood so O2 diffuses across placenta membrane into fetal blood
  • hemoblobin in fetal RBC has higher affinity (attraction for O2) when compared to adult
  • highest oxygen concentration delivered to head, neck,brain and heart leading to cephalo-caudal developmental pattern
24
Q

THREE STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPEMENT

A

PREEMBRYONIC
-fertilization thru day 14 includes implantation

EMBRYONIC
-day 15 thru end of week 8

FETAL
-end of week 8 until birth

25
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 4

A
  • primitive tubular heart begins to beat by 28 days

- placenta functions but with minimal metabolic exchange

26
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 8

A
  • at 8 weeks embryo slightly more than one inch long

- by end of 8th week all body systems have been laid down (organogenesis complete) now called fetus

27
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 9-12

A
  • spontaneous movement occurs
  • fetal heart tones can be heard with Doppler between 8-12 weeks
  • urine is produced
  • genitals are well differentiated by end of week 12
28
Q

FETAL DVELOPMENT WEK 13-16

A
  • fetus makes sucking motions
  • swallows amniotic fluid
  • produces meconium
  • by week 16 lanugo begins to develop
29
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 20

A
  • fetal movement (quickening ) felt by mom
  • lanugo covers entire body
  • vernix coseosa appears
  • brown fat deposits begin
  • fetus weighs a little less than 1lb and measures about 8 inches in length
30
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 24

A
  • vernix caseosa covers skin
  • alveoli in lungs begin to form
  • fetal respiratory movements begin, there is no gas exchange across aveoli
  • surfactant production begins
  • both grasp and startle reflexes present
  • fingerprints and footprints present
31
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 28

A
  • brain developing rapidly
  • nervous system begins to regulate
  • eyelids open and close
  • lungs immature but developed enough to provide gas exchange if delivered
  • fetus 2/3 final length
  • weight a little less than 3lbs
32
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 32

A
  • subcutaneous (white) fat deposited

- at 32 weeks weighs a little less than 4lbs

33
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 35-36

A
  • increase in subcutaneous white fat
  • lanugo begins to disappear
  • surfactant production adequate
  • weighs 5-6lbs
  • good chance for survival but may require special care
34
Q

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WEEK 38

A
  • full term
  • skin smooth and polished
  • vernix caseosa in creases and folds
  • head bigger than chest
  • last few weeks gets IgG antibodies from mom
35
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT

A
  • quality of sperm or ovum
  • genetic code
  • adequacy of intrauterine environment
  • teratogens
36
Q

TERATOGENS

A
  • viral infections can cross placental membranes and infect fetus
  • TORCH infections
  • rubella first trimester, congenital heart disease, mental retardation, cataracts
  • prescription drugs
-Illicit drug use 
marijuana
cocaine
opiates
methamphetamine

Mother/Infant (8 decks)

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