Antarctica

Question 1

tragedy of the commons

Answer 1

decline of common resources where rate of use exceeds rate of natural replenishment.
selfish acts cause increased competition with initial increased profit of a country.

Question 2

what is the ave temp of Amundsen Scott in the winter and in the summer?

Answer 2

• 60 in the winter

- 25 in the summer

Question 3

where is Amundsen Scott located? how high?

Answer 3

interior of the Antarctica - almost 2835m above SL

Question 4

where Mcmurdo winter and summer temps

Answer 4

-30 in winter

0 in summer

Question 5

location of McMurdo and height above SL

Answer 5

coastal area 24m

Question 6

how much does the interior receive vs coastal area

Answer 6

less than 50mm snow per anum in the interior

185mm per anum in coastal area

Question 7

how many degrees is the Antarctica predicted to rise by 2100

Answer 7

2*C

Question 8

predicted SL rise by 2100

Answer 8

50cm

Question 9

impact of CC on the center

Answer 9

increased snow fall

Question 10

impact of CC on the coast

Answer 10

increased rainfall

Question 11

impact of CC on the peninsula (rate of warming)

Answer 11

increase melting and collapse of ice shelfs

its warming 5x faster than the rest of the world

Question 12

impact of CC on the east

Answer 12

THICKER - snow fall

warmer sea = evaporation = condenses and falls as snow.

Question 13

impact of CC in the west

Answer 13

THINNER ice = SL rise of between 1 and 3
ice frozen on rock is still fine
BUT the glacial ice slides into the sea as the base warms

Question 14

what is the antarctic convergence?

Answer 14

cold antarctic water meets warmer subantarctic water. = cold water sinks. = upwelling and mixing creating nutrients and O2 rich water = more marine productivity

Question 15

CCAMLR

Answer 15

commission of the conservation of antarctic marine living resources
- regulate southern ocean fisheries.

Question 16

what caused the formation of CCAMLR

Answer 16

exploitation of seals and whales

Question 17

what is the Total allowed catch of krill?

Answer 17

1.5 million tonnes

but it is less due to reduced activity of the soviet union

Question 18

what is an example of illegal fishing and what were the effects?

Answer 18

Patagonian tooth fish = depleted stocks and the fishing method is killing sea birds

Question 19

which whale species have been most affected by whaling?

Answer 19

humpback = original target

blue whale - targeted due to better tech

Question 20

IWC

Answer 20

international whaling commission - banned whaling 1982

Question 21

how many whales does japan kill per yr?

Answer 21

around 300 minke whales

Question 22

how many whales in total have been killed in the southern ocean?

Answer 22

1.3 million

Question 23

what activities are available for antarctic tourists?

Answer 23

helicopter flights, paragliding, photo safaris, camping, visit research stations.

Question 24

what are the benefits of antarctic tourism?

Answer 24

HIC have the experience and and can profit to improve facilities

tour operators and travel companies benefit

tourists can become advocates for protection

Question 25

problems with tourism in the Antarctica

Answer 25

``` degradation invasion to species, interrupts research, fragile ecosystem air pollution fuel spills from boats ```

Question 26

what is the maximum number of people that can step foot on Antarctica at any one time?

Answer 26

100ppl

Question 27

ships with more than ...... tourists cannot birth on antarctica

Answer 27

500

Question 28

what accident occurred in 2007

Answer 28

ms explorer sunk = slight reduced number visiting after

Question 29

what minerals have been discovered?

Answer 29

iron, gold, silver and coal

Question 30

what was the association which draws up tourism guidelines

Answer 30

international association of tour operators

Question 31

what treaty bans commercial mining?

Answer 31

enviro protocol to the Antarctic treaty

Question 32

what are some problems that would arise with antarctic mining?

Answer 32

``` low temp - machines would not work short days very remote high winds very costly ```

Question 33

ATS

Answer 33

antarctic treaty system

Question 34

number of nations signed up to the Antarctic treaty system

Answer 34

12

Question 35

what does the ATS promise?

Answer 35

no military activity no nuclear waste free access and research to all stop territorial claims

Question 36

what do critics say about the antarctic treaty system?

Answer 36

rich mans club - v. exclusive | very slow - decision by consensus

Question 37

what did the ATS guarantee?

Answer 37

fair and clean exploitation

Question 38

what is the protocol for environmental protection?

Answer 38

- ban minerals resources activity and exploration - promote monitoring and assessment to minimise the human impacts. - concentrate and provide expertise - rally the public - provoke action

Question 39

Antarctic ocean alliance

Answer 39

protected areas and marine reserved | argue southern ocean and Antarctica are perfect for research into climate change