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GEOGRAPHY human > Antarctica > Flashcards

Antarctica Flashcards

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1
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

decline of common resources where rate of use exceeds rate of natural replenishment.
selfish acts cause increased competition with initial increased profit of a country.

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2
Q

what is the ave temp of Amundsen Scott in the winter and in the summer?

A
  • 60 in the winter

- 25 in the summer

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3
Q

where is Amundsen Scott located? how high?

A

interior of the Antarctica - almost 2835m above SL

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4
Q

where Mcmurdo winter and summer temps

A

-30 in winter

0 in summer

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5
Q

location of McMurdo and height above SL

A

coastal area 24m

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6
Q

how much does the interior receive vs coastal area

A

less than 50mm snow per anum in the interior

185mm per anum in coastal area

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7
Q

how many degrees is the Antarctica predicted to rise by 2100

A

2*C

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8
Q

predicted SL rise by 2100

A

50cm

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9
Q

impact of CC on the center

A

increased snow fall

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10
Q

impact of CC on the coast

A

increased rainfall

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11
Q

impact of CC on the peninsula (rate of warming)

A

increase melting and collapse of ice shelfs

its warming 5x faster than the rest of the world

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12
Q

impact of CC on the east

A

THICKER - snow fall

warmer sea = evaporation = condenses and falls as snow.

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13
Q

impact of CC in the west

A

THINNER ice = SL rise of between 1 and 3
ice frozen on rock is still fine
BUT the glacial ice slides into the sea as the base warms

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14
Q

what is the antarctic convergence?

A

cold antarctic water meets warmer subantarctic water. = cold water sinks. = upwelling and mixing creating nutrients and O2 rich water = more marine productivity

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15
Q

CCAMLR

A

commission of the conservation of antarctic marine living resources
- regulate southern ocean fisheries.

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16
Q

what caused the formation of CCAMLR

A

exploitation of seals and whales

17
Q

what is the Total allowed catch of krill?

A

1.5 million tonnes

but it is less due to reduced activity of the soviet union

18
Q

what is an example of illegal fishing and what were the effects?

A

Patagonian tooth fish = depleted stocks and the fishing method is killing sea birds

19
Q

which whale species have been most affected by whaling?

A

humpback = original target

blue whale - targeted due to better tech

20
Q

IWC

A

international whaling commission - banned whaling 1982

21
Q

how many whales does japan kill per yr?

A

around 300 minke whales

22
Q

how many whales in total have been killed in the southern ocean?

A

1.3 million

23
Q

what activities are available for antarctic tourists?

A

helicopter flights, paragliding, photo safaris, camping, visit research stations.

24
Q

what are the benefits of antarctic tourism?

A

HIC have the experience and and can profit to improve facilities

tour operators and travel companies benefit

tourists can become advocates for protection

25
Q

problems with tourism in the Antarctica

A 
degradation 
invasion to species,
interrupts research, 
fragile ecosystem
air pollution
fuel spills from boats
26
Q

what is the maximum number of people that can step foot on Antarctica at any one time?

A

100ppl

27
Q

ships with more than …… tourists cannot birth on antarctica

A

500

28
Q

what accident occurred in 2007

A

ms explorer sunk = slight reduced number visiting after

29
Q

what minerals have been discovered?

A

iron, gold, silver and coal

30
Q

what was the association which draws up tourism guidelines

A

international association of tour operators

31
Q

what treaty bans commercial mining?

A

enviro protocol to the Antarctic treaty

32
Q

what are some problems that would arise with antarctic mining?

A 
low temp - machines would not work
short days
very remote
high winds
very costly
33
Q

ATS

A

antarctic treaty system

34
Q

number of nations signed up to the Antarctic treaty system

A

12

35
Q

what does the ATS promise?

A

no military activity
no nuclear waste
free access and research to all
stop territorial claims

36
Q

what do critics say about the antarctic treaty system?

A

rich mans club - v. exclusive

very slow - decision by consensus

37
Q

what did the ATS guarantee?

A

fair and clean exploitation

38
Q

what is the protocol for environmental protection?

A
  • ban minerals resources activity and exploration
  • promote monitoring and assessment to minimise the human impacts.
  • concentrate and provide expertise
  • rally the public
  • provoke action
39
Q

Antarctic ocean alliance

A

protected areas and marine reserved

argue southern ocean and Antarctica are perfect for research into climate change

GEOGRAPHY human (11 decks)

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