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Global Systems and Governance > Antarctica > Flashcards

Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 threats to Antarctica?

A
  • illegal resource extraction
  • overfishing
  • whaling
  • climate change
  • tourism
  • scientific research
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2
Q

What is the ATS?

A

Antarctic Treaty System, a treaty (legally binding) which aims to ensure peace in Antarctica and encourage sustainable activity

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of what’s included in the ATS

A
  • no military action
  • no recognition of territorial claims
  • information/research must be shared
    Madrid Protocol: no mineral extraction
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4
Q

What is Antarctic Convergence?

A

2 flows of water (with different densities) coming together which results in upwelling

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5
Q

Why is the Antarctic Convergence zone an area of high marine productivity?

A

convergence causes upwelling which leads to lots of nutrients

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6
Q

What is Antarctic divergence?

A

where 2 wind currents meet

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7
Q

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar current?

A

a current surrounding Antarctica that blocks warmer waters travelling southwards

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8
Q

What direction does the West Wind drift travel?

A

East, driven by westerlies

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9
Q

What direction does the East Wind drift travel?

A

West, driven by easterlies

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10
Q

What separates West and East Antarctica?

A

transantarctic mountains

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11
Q

How much does an average trip to Antarctica cost?

A

£20,000

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12
Q

How is tourism in Antarctica environmentally damaging?

A
  • CO2 emissions
  • increasing numbers -> put strain on pristine envt
  • disrupt animal behaviours
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13
Q

How many tourists visited Antarctica in 2022/23?

A

100,000

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14
Q

How could scientific research damage Antarctica?

A

damage pristine environment eg, bacteria in Lake Vostok

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15
Q

When is mineral extraction banned until?

A

2048

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16
Q

Why is mineral extraction a threat despite being banned by the Madrid Protocol?

A
  • only banned till 2048 (potentially)
  • extraction could become more viable and would have economic benefits
  • pressure on governments
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17
Q

When did the complete Whale Moratorium come into action?

A

1986

18
Q

Give 4 examples of whale species hunted for

A

Blue, Fin, Sei and Minke

19
Q

How many members does the IWC have?

A

88

20
Q

When did Japan leave the IWC?

A

2019, from which no longer bound by moratorium

21
Q

what is IUU fishing?

A

illegal, unregulated and unreported

22
Q

Give an example of a species targeted by IUU fishing

A

Patagonian Toothfish

23
Q

How is climate change a threat to the Antarctic?

A

melting ice shelves the ice sheet at risk of melting and speeds up rates of ablation

24
Q

What 4 organisations DONT offer legally binding protection?

A

UNEP, UNFCCC, CCAMLR, ASOC

25
Q

What organisation manages tourism? How many members does it have?

A

IAATO, 100 members

26
Q

How many NGOs make up ASOC?

A

15

27
Q

What is ASOC fighting for?

A

legally binding Polar Code

28
Q

How many members does CCAMLR have?

A

25

29
Q

Why is ASOC good?

A
  • considers all the major threats facing Antarctica
  • considers land and sea
  • coalition
  • NGOs - not impacted by foreign policy
30
Q

Why is ASOC bad?

A
  • coalition could cause disputes
  • not legally binding
  • are they doing too much?
31
Q

How does the impact of climate change on the Antarctic link to coasts and the water cycle?

A
  • eustatic sea level rise (impacts landforms and increases risks of flooding)
  • more freshwater released from long term store of the cryosphere
32
Q

What is the aim of CCAMLR?

A

consider inputs from scientists and fishing industry to promote sustainable fishing in the Southern Ocean

33
Q

Give 2 ways CCAMLR promotes sustainable fishing?

A
  • weighted lines
  • specialised hooks
34
Q

What % of freshwater does Antarctica store?

A

70%

35
Q

What did the treaty signed in 2009 impose on tourism?

A

boast with a max of 500 passengers

36
Q

When was the ATS signed and implemented?

A

signed: 1959
implemented: 1961

37
Q

How large is Antarctica?

A

14 million km2

38
Q

When was the IAATO founded?

A

1991

39
Q

Give an example of an ice shelf that has collapsed…

A

Larsen B, 2002
2,700 km2 lost in 35 days

40
Q

How many nations signed the ATS?

A

57

41
Q

When was the madrid protocol signed?

A

1991

Global Systems and Governance (13 decks)

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