ANT Midterm

Question 1

What is gender ?

Answer 1

A process of social construction that structures every aspect of our lives because of its embeddedness in the family, workplace, etc.

Question 2

Manly hearted women

Answer 2

biological females who work and parent as a man
- can take wives

Question 3

sex

Answer 3

biological differences between bodies that are made up of anatomy

Question 4

funetes theory

Answer 4

biological sex is not simply defined or uniform
gentials are not reliable indictators of sex

Question 5

feminism

Answer 5

refers to the thoery on equality of all humanlind

Question 6

first vs second vs third waves of feminism

Answer 6

first - women obtained vote
second - female discrimination and continues today
third - concerns with women and genders issues globally - think second only benefits white heterosexual wome n

Question 7

queer theory

Answer 7

challenges heterosexuality as natural
envisions a world where gender and sexual identity are open and fluid and labeling is considered destructive

Question 8

barbara voss

Answer 8

how sexuality was rediscovered by archelogist. She identifies four themes in the archelogoy of sexuality
1. reproduction mangement
2. representations
3. sexual identities
4. prostitution

Question 9

third genders

Answer 9

cultural consturctions of gender that recognize additional genders apart from men and women

Question 10

two spirited people

Answer 10

• They held important roles in traditional Native American cultures
• Two-Spirt people have male and female within them
• Gay is not interchangeable with Two-Spirit, although some Two-Spirit people are gay.
• Gay refers to sexual orientation; two spirit people embody two genders.

Question 11

hijras

Answer 11

• The recorded histor y of hijras goes back to antiquity, and they have ser ved as culturally signif icant ritual per formers.
• They traditionally lived in communes and underwent an extensive initiation process that included castration.
• Today, hijras are of ten stigmatized, and relegated to begging and prostitution.
• In 2014, India legally recognized hijras and transgenders as a third gender, but same-sexual relations are prohibited

Question 12

gender as a cultural evolutionary process

Answer 12

a. There was in the past a matriarchal period (women dominated) and it was overturned by the emergence of patriarchy (males)
b. The overturning by men resulted in many social inequalities, including the subordination of women

Question 13

gender as performance

Answer 13

The theory, often associated with Judith Butler, that gender is not something one is, but something one does—an ongoing set of actions or performances in line with societal expectations.

Question 14

intersectionality

Answer 14

recognizes that various aspects of identity influence and are influenced by each other
- Helps us understand how gender or another social category works in a society because it attempts to capture the complexities of identity

Question 15

material culture

Answer 15

Material Culture refers to tangible human products of society. Everything from cities to personal adornment (beads, buttons). All human societies produce material culture.

Question 16

anthropology

Answer 16

(the study of human condition through time) studies the past through material culture.
- The earliest preserved evidence of material culture are stone tools dating around 2,500, 000-2,000,000 years ago.

Question 17

why is material culture important to study of gender

Answer 17

1. Gender and gender relations are often expressed in material culture
2. Provides evidence of the practical and physical effects of gender upon people’s lives
3. Inform and guide our learning about gender differences

Question 18

how are objects related to gender

Answer 18

• Objects help us make connections:
  1. public with private
  2. past with present
• People often construct their identity through
  objects
• Objects may be understood differently
  depending upon the context

Question 19

how do we recognize gender objects

Answer 19

some objects evoke gender roles and stereotypes more than others ex. High heels or a neck tie

Question 20

how does an object become gendered

Answer 20

1. Our perception of the objects characteristics
2. Repetition association with particular objects
3. Stereotypical coding and images

Question 21

archeology

Answer 21

study of past through artifiacts

Question 22

bioarcheology

Answer 22

the scientific study of human remains found at archaeological contexts
- They look at biological and social factors that affect human bodies in their examination gender

Question 23

petroglpyhs

Answer 23

images carved or engraved into the rock

Question 24

pictographs

Answer 24

images made with paint or some pigment

Question 25

Ideology in archeology

Answer 25

• Ideology in archaeology refers to beliefs and symbolism associated with a group of individuals or a society

Question 26

cognitive archeology

Answer 26

the study of ideology is often reffered to cognitive archaeology which covers more than the study of religion - Covers all past ways of thought and symbolic systems like how people planned cities, what material goods people valued, etc.

Question 27

difficultities of studying archeology

Answer 27

• Archaeology has traditionally focused more on economic aspects of life subsistence and technologies.
• Trying to interpret ideas from material remains is quite challenging.
• There will always be multiple interpretations of what an artifact or image drawing may have meant to the people who produced it.

Question 28

archeological resources imbue with ideologies

Answer 28

• Cave or rock art
• Venus figurines
• Nazca lines–World-famous lines in the flat desert in Peru that are made by sweeping away the topsoil. The Nazca created a web of white lines in the shapes of triangles, zig-zags,and rectangles. Some are in the shapes of monkeys, birds, and plants.
• Stonehenge—A site consisting of a circle of huge stone pieces believed to have been of ritual significance in Southeastern England dated to be about 3000-2200 BCE.

Question 29

Nazaca lines

Answer 29

Roadways to important areas;
* Indications of water courses under the desert;
* Ritual paths for pilgrimages or ceremonies;
* Calendrical markers
* Von Däniken- airfields built according to the instructions of extra-
terrestrials

Question 30

rock art shows:

Answer 30

gender roles
life cycles and puberty rites
the cosmos

Question 31

the marriage scene

Answer 31

interpreted as depicting sexual intercourse

most publicized rock art image s

Question 32

challenges of rock art

Answer 32

• artist did not always depict gender and sex
• not necessarily straight forward

Question 33

man, the hunter hypothesis

Answer 33

men were responsible for development of human characteristics - food sharing, cooperative communication, division of labor
- inspired by word war II popular image of american family life

Question 34

woman the gatherer

Answer 34

gathering activies of women made major contributions to diet of hunters and gatherers

Question 35

gathering hypothesis

Answer 35

The premise of this theory–gathering preceded
hunting, therefore women had a primary rather than a
secondary role in human subsistence.

Question 36

paleoanthropology

Answer 36

study of human origins and evolution from hominid fossils
- tendency to collapse biological sex with gender

Question 37

lucy

Answer 37

Lucy was identified as female due to her smaller size relative to other Australopithecus afarensis fossils, which were presumed to be male.

Question 38

australopithecines

Answer 38

first definite hominids
greater mobility than apes
teeth different
bipedal locomotion

Question 39

signs of early hominids in africa

Answer 39

hadar very dry and barrion region where things like lucy showed up

• where the first family was found of 200 bones that represented 13 individuals

Question 40

Adrienne Zihlman feminist paleoanthroplogist critique of lucy

Answer 40

Adrienne Zihlman critiqued
* The way males and females were portrayed in
exhibitions that developed from “first family”
findings, depicted women in an inferior light as
possessions of men.
* She questioned the sexual dimorphism
hypothesis that it could have been a parent
versus a teenager, or they may have represented
different species.
* Sexual dimorphism is today something that
needs to be proven, not just assumed.

Question 41

lower paleothic

Answer 41

early stone age
1. oldowan
2. acheulian

Question 42

oldowan and acheulian

Answer 42

pebble choppers and hand axe

Question 43

Milks on the Atlatl

Answer 43

The atlatl was an equalizer
among hunting/gathering
societies
* Made hunting easier for
men and women because
it reduced the importance
of body size and strength
* Even children could have
been successful hunting
with an atlatl

Question 44

homo sapiens

Answer 44

1. neanderthalensis - 130,000 to 30,000 years ago
2. homo sapien spaiens - 50,000 years ago to present

Question 45

upper Paleolithic

Answer 45

Creative Revolution began about 45,000 years ago, includes
* Proliferation of new and diverse tools stone technology as well as
tools made from ivory, bone;
* New tools permitted movement into diverse geographic locations
* Appearance of Cave art and portable art decoration
* Language in form of speech is believed to have developed during this
time;

Question 46

upper paleolithic tools

Answer 46

Projectile points (a tool with a sharp point usually mounted to a
spear),
* knives, drills, scraping tools, burins (engraving tool), etc.
* Tools were also made from ivory, bone, and wood such as harpoons,
eye needles,
bows and arrows, spear-throwers among others.

Question 47

venus figurines

Answer 47

Statuettes of depicting female bodies carved in
stone, bone, ivory, and modeled in clay. One of
the most curious, and controversial art forms of
the Upper Paleolithic.
* They are fascinating because the sculptors went
to a great deal of trouble to illustrate the sexual
features of female humans

Question 48

venus of brassempouy

Answer 48

Is distinguished from other Venuses
because it has a face, and more
realistic qualities.
* Appears to wearing headgear

Question 49

interpretations for venus figurines

Answer 49

• (1) a mother goddess cult;
• (2) pornography
• (3) self-representations
• (4) multiple uses—from toys to mourning
  artifacts

Question 50

mother goddess

Answer 50

The idea that there was goddess that represent
motherhood, fertility, or embodies the bounty of the
earth.
* People worshiped these goddesses, and some hold
that these societies were matriarchies (female
centered).

Question 51

cylinder seals

Answer 51

to sign business deals,
* to show ownership of goods,
* to sign treaties, letters and
marriage contracts.
* They also had a magical use and
worn as amulets for protection.
* Some made of semi-precious
stones or gemstones conveyed
this magical protective use.

Question 52

Inanna in ancient world

Answer 52

connected to rain and love

Question 53

sexuality in ancient egypt

Answer 53

Men were believed as creators of new life
* Women were the receivers ( the receptacles) of
new life
* Interpretation based on mythologies that suggest
male fertility had an androgynous character which
made conception possible
* Women were expected to be sexually aggressive so
that men could create new life

Question 54

offering to goddess inanna

Answer 54

vase depicting naked
men carrying bowls and
baskets of farm goods to
the Inanna