ANT 102 exam #2 Flashcards
what are the different modes of production?
capitalist & tributary
what are the 4 modes of subsistence?
foraging, pastoralism, horiculture, & agriculture (industrial)
characteristics of foraging
hunting & gathering, primarily rely on “wild” plant/animal resources
characteristics of pastoralism
raise herds of domesticated livestock
characteristics of horiculture
small-scale cultivation of crops intended for subsistence
characteristics of agriculture
cultivation of domesticated plants & animals using machines for intensive work
relationship between subsistence used in a society & settlement patterns (why they eat what they do)
people eat differently depending on how you find your food (hunting or buying from a grocery store; based on culture)
modes of exchange
reciprocity, redistribution, & exchange
difference between commodity exchange & gift exchange
commodity: capitalist market
gifts: about social relations, contains a bit of one’s self
what is the role of reciprocity in maintaining relationships?
this simple exchange cements our social relationships
balanced reciprocity
something is traded or given w/ equal value to what’s received w/ in specific time period
negative reciprocity
attempt to get something for nothing; the most impersonal & exists for ppl who don’t know each other well
generalized reciprocity
when we give something w/ out expecting something in return for equal value
what kind of reciprocity is kula ring
balanced; ceremonial exchange of shell & necklace FOR shell arm bands
what kind of reciprocity is potlatch
generalized; chief gives away more goods than another person to gain respect and build a rep
what is cultural ecology?
study of the adaptation of human societies or populations to their environment
what is sustainable development?
assist local communities in developing/marketing goods that are economic alternatives to high impact extraction (encourages to preserve land)
how can national parks harm ppl?
the drilling, mining, & logging near the boarders can harm visitors (pollution)
how are ppl who rely on land & animals affected by climate change?
critical ecosystems provide a bounty of food to ppl & animals. the drought and heat affects the quality and availability
what is land tenure?
the relationships individuals & groups hold with respect to land & land-based resources
how does land tenure affect sustainability?
effects on air, water quality, waste, wildlife habitat, climate, & human health
facts about the San
hunters&gatherers, moved depending on migration patterns of the animals that they hunted & in search of water
role of the Potlatch
redistributes wealth in gift-giving ceremony
what type of weather are the Mongolians used to?
cold condtions
what is Dzud in relation to Mongolia
extreme cold, disaster
what are the health concerns in Mongolia?
liver cancer & hepatitis B/C
what are the mining & environmental effects in Mongolia?
damage & pressure on ecosystems (they mine copper, coal, & gold)
What are the Saami known for?
herding reindeer bc they provide them with meet, fur, & transportation
what’s the significance with the freezing/melting cycles in relation to the Saami
rain creates a layer of ice on snow when freezes & blocks reindeer from getting to their food; consequences on wildlife & cultural practices
