Answers Flashcards
Which statement is true?
The cns consists of the brain and spinal cord
The sns is responsible for voluntary functions
Excitation and inhibition
Excitation increases the positive charge of the post synaptic neuron
Excitation occurs when the post synaptic neuron is likely to fire
Example is adrenaline / dopamine
Inhibition increases negative charge of the post synaptic neuron
Inhibition occurs when the post synaptic neuron is less likely to fire
Example is serotonin / gaba
Sarah lifts - classical / operant conditioning
Classical conditioning - the neutral stimulus of the lift has become associated with fear therefore the lift has become the conditioned stimulus that produces the response of fear
Operant conditioning - Sarah has avoided lifts, leading to negative reinforcement as she feels relaxed upon the avoidance of the lifts, making her continue to avoid them
Genotype phenotype
Genotype is a person’s genetic makeup
Phenotype is a person’s characteristics
Environmental factors could have played a role as those who have different numbers of fillings could have had more sugary foods than other groups
Therefore the likelihood of a filling is a mixture of genotype and phenotype
Two features of the cognitive approach and two limitations
Cognitive psychologists usually develop theoretical models (a computer model) to present a representation of a mental process
Scheme acts as a cognitive framework that helps organise information in the brain. Schemas also allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting a large amount of information based on existing beliefs but may distort our interpretations of information
Limitations
Machine reductionism compares the human mind to a computer ignores influence of emotion and other factors
Lab experiments - lacks external validity and cannot be generalised to real life due to interferences used to study human mind
Ignores individual differences - assumes everyone processes things the same way
Match abnormality definition to its explanation
A C
B B
C A
D
Systematic desensitisation
Sd is a form of treatment for phobias, it involves counter conditioning
Create a fear hierarchy; ranking least fearful situation to most fearful situation
Moving up the hierarchy- eg from a cat photo to actually being with a cat
Relaxation eg breathing techniques
Exposed to phobia whilst simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques
Moves onto the next stage once she is relaxed in the previous one
The process is completed when Saira can be in the presence of cats without anxiety
CBT
CBT involves challenging irrational thoughts
Disputing the irrational thoughts through logical, empirical and pragmatic disputing
Unconditional positive regard - therapist must provide respect to make the patient feel valued to help get rid of the negative self concept
Clients could have assigned homeowrk where it’s completed in between therapy sessions allowing irrational beliefs to be tested against reality and put rational beliefs into practice
Behavioural activation - using positive reinforcement to encourage good behaviour
CBT correct statement
The patient has some input in their treatment
Genetic and neural explanations ocd
Genetic - comt gene regulates dopamine
Sert gene is responsible for transportation of serotonin
OCD is said to be caused by different genes in different individuals
Neural - ocd may be caused by reduction of serotonin in the brain a mood regulating neurotransmitter
The caudate nucleus is required to regulate worry signals sent to the OFC To the thalamus, so if it is damaged the caudate nucleus fails to surpress minor worry signals and a worry circuit is produced
Evaluation
Developed drugs SSRIS
Limitation of volunteer sampling
volunteer bias - a certain type of person is likely to volunteer for a study this means a representative sample is not obtained and the results cannot be generalised to the target population
Random allocation
Random allocation is when all the participants in the sample have an equal chance of being allocated to either condition
All participants should be listed and assigned a number
the participants for each condition should be selected by a lottery method for example picking names out of a hat
Ethical issues
PPs may have suffered from psychological harm when receiving the treatment
This can be dealt with by telling the PPs that they have the right to withhold data if they wish
Matched pairs
PPs are matched on key variables such as anger score before treatment this reduces the effects of pp variables
strengths of using a questionnaire
the pp will be able to report their emotions or feelings
Quick
Cheap
Why would the median not be useful
Takes a long time to calculate for large pieces of data
Ignores extreme values so doesn’t represent all data
Hypothesis
Non directional - there will be a difference between the change of median post anger therapy score between PPs that received therapy A and therapy B
Directional - people who received therapy A will have a larger reduction of anger level scores than people who received therapy B
Null - any difference between the scores will be due to chance
Demand characteristics
PPs may have figured the aim of the study
They may have adjusted their behaviour and given answers on the questionnaire that increased or decreased their score
Data in figure 1
Both therapies A and B were successful in reducing anger as the median aggression scores decreased after the therapies
Therapy b was more successful as median score decreased by 25 but by 20 in condition A
