Answers

Question 1

Name three behaviours that enable a minority to influence a majority

Answer 1

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

Question 2

Marcus

Answer 2

Flexibility - show compromise e.g say they could go to the beach whilst travelling
Commitment - giving his friends an ultimatum e.g he won’t join them in the holiday unless they go travelling
Consistency - not changing his mind, repeatedly talking about travelling

Question 3

How many people gave values

Answer 3

2

Question 4

Mode

Answer 4

6

7

Question 5

Descriptive statistic

Answer 5

Median - put all numbers in numerical order the median is the middle number

Mean - add all the numbers together, divide by how many there are

Question 6

Self report

Answer 6

A method in which people are asked to explain their feelings, opinions or behaviours on a topic

Examples include questionnaires / interviews

Question 7

Outline Asch’s findings in relation to two variables affecting conformity

Answer 7

Variations:
Unanimity (1) when participants weren’t alone in their answer, they had confederate dissenters, they were less likely to conform. (1)
Task difficulty (1) increased conformity due to informational social influence. Task was ambiguous so needed guidance. (1)
Group size (1) increased conformity up to 3 people but no more than that (1)
Limitations:
A child of its time (1950) (1), as strong sense of anti-communism at the time (1) - Perrin and Spencer redid the experiment to show this (1) engineering student from the UK, Only one conformed out of 396 trials. (1)
Artificial task and situation (1) - meant demand characteristics may have influenced the results (1) - meant the participants knew the true nature of the experiment (1) - means the study lacks ecological/external validity (1)
Fiske 2014: “Asch’s groups weren’t in large groups” difficult to generalise to groups in society (1)
Limited application (1) - different cultures, ethnocentric due to all participants being American males, difficult to generalise (1)
Ethical issues: deception (1) participants thought they were taking part in a “vision test” (1) the benefits may outweigh the costs as deception was necessary (1

Question 8

Outline what psychological research has shown about short-term memory according to multi-Store model of memory. (4 marks)

Answer 8

Short term memory coding - Baddeley (1)
Acoustic (1)
Short term memory capacity - Jacobs & Miller (1)
7 +- 2 (1)
Short term memory duration - Peterson & Peterson (1)
15 - 30 seconds (1)

Question 9

Identify three types of long-term memory and explain how each type is shown in one of the examples above. (6 Marks)

Answer 9

Annie - Procedural (1)
Procedural is memory of actions and skills (1)
Germaine - Episodic (1)
Episodic is memory of events (1)
Billy - Semantic (1)
Semantic is memory of facts & knowledge about the world (1)

Question 10

Below are five evaluative statements about the cognitive interview. Which two statements are correct?

Answer 10

It is more time consuming than standard interview (1)

Requires police training (1)

Question 11

Discuss what psychological research has shown about working memory. In your answer, refer to theory and/or evidence. (12 Marks)

Answer 11

Working memory model - Discuss (Central executive, Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSS), Phonological loop, episodic buffer)
Coding, capacity, duration of the Working memory (VSS: codes visually, Phonological loop: codes acoustically)
Dual task performance by Baddeley, KF by Shalice and Warrington, VSS by Klauer and Zhao.
Episodic buffer - Baddeley and Wilson
Baddeley et al - Phonological loop duration (1.5 seconds).

Question 12

Below are five evaluative statements about the Romanian orphan research. Which two statements are correct?

Answer 12

It can provide long term results (1)

Can be compared to control group (1)

Question 13

Give the name of Researcher A and state the type of animal studied by this researcher (2 Marks)

Answer 13

Harlow (1)

Rhesus) Monkeys (1

Question 14

Give the name of Researcher B and state the type of animal studied by this researcher. (2 Marks

Answer 14

Lorenz (1)

Goslings/Geese

Question 15

Referring to Abi and her family, explain what psychologists have discovered about the internal working model (6 Marks)

Answer 15

Internal Working Model (IWM) is a template/mental representation of primary attachment.
Bowlby’s stated relationships from early age are a continuation due to the behaviour of the infant’s attachment figure, this promotes an internal working model of relationship
Refer to adult relationships which says people tend to base their parenting model, therefore base their parenting on generations throughout family continuity
Reference to Bailey et al 2007 study found that the majority of women had the same attachment to their babies as their own mothers - supports Bowlby’s stated relationships from early age are a continuation due to the behaviour of the infant’s attachment figure, this promotes an internal working model of relationship.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation and 44 juvenile thieves

Question 16

Strange situation

Answer 16

Explanation of the Strange Situation.
Procedure (not required):
Mother and baby alone.
Stranger joins mother and infant.
Mother leaves baby and stranger alone.
Mother returns and stranger leaves.
Mother leaves; infant left completely alone.
Stranger returns.
Mother returns and stranger leaves.
Reunion to comfort child again.
Attachment types:
Varying percentages depending on source
Secure: Explore but return to mother. Show moderate separation/stranger anxiety, comforted at reunion.
Avoidant: Explore, no secure base behaviour. Little distress and anxiety.
Resistant: Seek great proximity, explore less. Huge stranger and separation anxiety. Resist comfort at reunion.
Evaluations:
Cultural Variations including:
Van IJzendoorn
Jin et al.
Simonella
Only mothers used. Primary attachment figure may be father, sibling, grandparent, etc.
Lab study - lacks mundane realism/ecological validity.
Observation - inter-observer/inter-rater reliability, strong validity.
Lab study - highly replicable.
Only middle class families used - may not be generalisable to upper/lower.
Unethical - Observations were recorded without Child’s consent and psychological distress.
Children cannot be debriefed due to the language barrier. An experiment like this won’t ever be accepted in modern day due to the APS and BPS.