ANSC 321 Exam 3 Flashcards
Why do we want to avoid things like ADR, funny looking, and acting weird as descriptions of animal descriptions?
subjective and lack description; important to use measurable terms for accurate assessment
TPR
temperature, pulse, respiration
MM
mucous membrane
CRT
capillary refill time
Why is it important to assess an animal’s mentation?
provides insight on the animals mental state, attentive/ alertness, etc.
Do we typically use F or C when recording an animals temp?
F in America, C literally everywhere else
What is the most accurate way to take an animals temp?
Rectal temp
What is the normal body temp for dogs?
101-102.5 F
What is the normal body temp for cats?
100.5-102.5 F
What are normal pulses for cats?
140-220 bpm
What are normal pulses for dogs?
60-160 bpm
When measuring an animals pulse what are you actually measuring?
the hearts number of beats per minute
What are the two ways to determine the pulse of an animal?
palpitation and using a stethoscope
If unable to feel the heart rate, where else could you feel the pulse?
femoral artery
What may be happening to a dog with a weak pulse?
may indicate shock or cardiovascular issues
Bradycardia
SLOWER than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
FASTER than normal heart rate
Why is it important to consider the animals surroundings and level of FAS when assessing an animals pulse?
FAS can affect the pulse rate by elevating it
How do you determine CRT and what does it indicate?
press on animals mucous membranes and observe how quick color comes back; prolonged CRT means poor circulation
What do you look for when looking at MM? What do they look like normal vs diseased?
color, moisture and CRT, normal MM are pink, moist and have quick CRT, diseased being pale and dry
Why is blue color so concerning with MM?
means serious problems, poor oxygen, lack of blood flow maybe
What does BAR mean in assessing mentation? What are concerning descriptors of mentation?
Bright, Alert, Responsive; concerning descriptions include lethargy, anorexia, stupor, coma, etc.
Complementary medicine:
used WITH conventional treatments
Alternative medicine:
practices and products used in place of conventional medicine
What are examples of complementary medications?
acupuncture, diet supplements, etc.
What are pheromones? Where are they absorbed by dogs and cats? Are they safe?
chemicals secreted by animals used to communicate with other members of the same species, absorbed through receptors in their nose, they’re generally safe
What forms are F3 pheromones available to use? In what forms are dog appeasing pheromones available?
F3 pheromone diffusers, spray, collars; dogs have diffusers or collars
What music has been shown to be effective in reducing FAS?
classical music, soft rock and reggae
Describe how pressure products work?
pressure wraps help provide comfort and create a calming effect
PVP
pre visit pharmaceuticals
In general what types of pain meds should be considered?
NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Why are pharmaceuticals needed at times to support Fear Free protocols?
Pharmaceutical interventions may be necessary to manage anxiety, fear, and stress in animals during veterinary procedures; medications can help create a more positive and comfortable experience
What is the best way to prevent FAS, pain, nausea, vomiting, and aggression?
involves a combination of creating a calm environment, using gentle handling techniques, providing pre-visit pharmaceuticals, and employing appropriate sedation and analgesia protocols.
What should happen with a patient with known FAS when they enter the hospital?
should be handled with extra care upon entering the hospital. Implementing Fear Free techniques, such as using calming pheromones, providing a quiet space, and minimizing exposure to stressors
Why might there be hesitancy to sedate an animal who has high FAS?
because the administration of drugs may be challenging, and there is a concern about the potential for adverse reactions or increased stress during the process.
What must be discussed with the owner immediately when considering sedation?
The veterinarian should discuss the benefits and risks of sedation, the reasons for sedation, and any necessary pre-sedation instructions with the owner
What is the problem with waiting to sedate an animal with FAS?
can lead to prolonged distress, making it more challenging to perform necessary procedures and potentially causing negative long-term effects on the animal’s behavior
Why is the determination of pain important when addressing FAS?
Pain can contribute to fear and anxiety. Addressing pain through proper analgesia helps reduce Fear, Anxiety, and Stress (FAS), creating a more positive experience for the patient
When would light sedation be used as opposed to profound sedation?
Light sedation may be used for mildly anxious animals or minor procedures, while profound sedation may be necessary for highly anxious animals or more invasive procedures
Considering that some sedatives can cause nausea, which can increase FAS, what should be considered for those patients prior to the veterinary visit?
Patients sensitive to nausea-inducing sedatives should be identified, and alternative medications or pre-visit anti-nausea measures should be considered to minimize (FAS)
What must you obtain before using any sedative on a patient?
it is essential to obtain a thorough medical history, assess the patient’s current health status, and consider any potential drug interactions or contraindications
When comparing patients that fall into ASA low risk categories vs. ASA high risk categories, what would you consider when designing sedation protocols?
Patients in different American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) risk categories may require adjustments in sedation protocols. High-risk patients may need more careful monitoring and adjustments in drug choices or dosages
What should you consider when determining which drugs to use?
factors such as the patient’s health status, the procedure’s invasiveness, potential drug interactions, and the desired level of sedation and analgesia should be considered
What should you consider when observing a patient that is recovering from sedation or anesthesia?
it is crucial to monitor the patient for signs of distress, pain, or complications. Vital signs, behavior, and response to stimuli should be closely observed
Why would you NOT want to reverse sedation in certain animals during recovery?
in certain animals during recovery may not be advisable if the patient still requires sedation for postoperative care or if rapid reversal could lead to stress or anxiety
What do you need to recommend for owners upon discharge of an animal that has been sedated?
Owners should be provided with clear post-sedation instructions, including any necessary at-home care, monitoring for signs of complications, and instructions on when to seek veterinary attention
Why is it important to monitor a patient’s temperature and to keep it warm during recovery?
is crucial to prevent hypothermia, especially when under anesthesia. Hypothermia can lead to complications and prolong recovery time
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Available drugs
Different drugs have varying effects, durations, and potential side effects. Choosing appropriate medications ensures the desired level of sedation and analgesia while minimizing risks
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Pain level
Tailoring analgesia to the patient’s pain level is crucial for effective pain management. Assessing pain helps determine the appropriate dosage and type of analgesic
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Patient health
influences the choice and dosage of medications. Underlying health conditions may affect drug metabolism and response
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Behavior
affects the ease of administration and the choice of sedative. Aggressive or fearful animals may require different approaches
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Procedures planned
The type and invasiveness of procedures dictate the level of sedation and analgesia needed. More invasive procedures may require deeper sedation
needs to be accounted for when considering sedation and analgesia protocols: Degree of sedation from any PVPs already administered
Prior administration of pre-visit pharmaceuticals (PVPs) should be considered to avoid over-sedation or adverse interactions with subsequent sedatives
