Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Exam 1 Therapeutics 1 > ANS_1_2_Overview > Flashcards

ANS_1_2_Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A

1) Central Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, etc.)
2) Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) Autonomic Nervous System (main topic)
2) Somatic Nervous System (skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) Sympathetic Nervous System (“Fight or Flight” Response)
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System (“Rest and Digest”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main components of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Regulation of the activity of smooth (whole blood stream) and cardiac muscle (heart), glands, lymphoid and some adipose tissues.
  2. “Autonomic tone” (involuntary), means that these pathways tend to be active to some degree at rest.
  3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic actions often (but not always) opposing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system (motor neurons).

A

Control skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False: The sympathetic and parasympathetic ALWAYS oppose each other.

A

False. They often oppose each other, but not ALWAYS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many neurons are in the path for the ANS?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons?

A

Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons located?

A

The peripheral ganglion
* Ganglia- group of cell bodies outside of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the ANS target?

A

Target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the First Neuron of the CNS.

A
  • Preganglionic neuron
  • Located in CNS
  • Projects to the “autonomic ganglia”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the Second Neuron (Peripheral).

A

Target cell/organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary transmitter of all preganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the transmitter in ALL PSNS postganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the transmitter in most SNS postganglionic neurons?

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the transmitter for sweat glands?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the transmitter for the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the transmitter for renal vasculature?

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which types of target cells are common in parasympathetic pathways?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscles, gland cells, nerve terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What types of cell are targeted are common in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands, cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals, and renal vascular smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the target organs for somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the cookie cutter pathway for the parasympathetic pathway.

A
  • From CNS–> preganglionic neurons=> longer (ACh binds to nicotinic receptor)
  • From preganglionic neuron–> to postganglionic nuurons=> shorter (ACh binds to the muscrinic receptor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the cookie cutter pathway for the sympathetic pathway.

A
  • CNS to paravertebral preganglionic neurons=> shorter (ACh binds to nicotinic receptors)
  • Paravertebral preganglionic neurons to postganglionic neurons=> longer (Norepinephrine binds to alpha or beta recepters)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the common characteristics of preganglionic neurons?

In the the parasympathetic pathways

A
  • Long
  • Synapse with postganglionic neurons at or near organ
  • Release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors ON postganglionic neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the common characteristics of postganglionic neurons? | In the parasympathetic pathway
* Short * Synapse on the target organ * Release ACh to activate muscarinic receptors on the target organ (very close to the target organ)
26
What are the common characteristics of the preganglionic neurons? | In the sympathetic pathway
* Short * Synapse with postganglionic neurons near spinal cord (paravertebral sympathetic ganglion)--> close to spinal cord * Release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
27
What are the common characteristics of postganglionic neurons? | In the sympathetic pathway
* Long * Synapse ON the target organ * Release norepinephrine to activate adrenergic receptors (beta or alpha) on target organs
28
Describe the adrenal gland exception for the sympathetic nervous system.
* Preganglionic neurons do NOT synapse in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion * Preganglionic neurons synapse DIRECTLY on the adrenal gland, release ACh, and activate nicotinic receptors on the adrenal gland. * Adrenal glands release epinephrine into systemic circulation
29
Describe the kidney exception for the sympathetic nervous system.
* Also affected by dopamine (mainly synthesized locally, not ANS) * Dopamine is not a neurotransmitter because it is synthesized locally ## Footnote Kidneys are dope
30
Describe the sweat gland exception for the sympathetic nervous system.
* Both sympathetic and parasympathetic control * Postganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release norepinephrine (sweaty palms; sympathetic response) * Postganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release ACh (parasympathetic response).
31
# Class Example Questions Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
32
Are neurotransmitters endogenous or exogenous?
* Endogenous * Inside the body
33
How do we define neuron types in the ANS?
* Parasympathetic/Cholinergic * Sympathetic/Adrenergic
34
List examples of parasympathetic/cholinergic neurotransmitters.
* Acetylcholine (ACh)--> Endogenous neurotransmitters * Muscarine (exogenous/not neurotransmitter from the body) * Nicotine (exogenous/not neurotransmitter from the body) | Both muscarine and nicotine are drugs!
35
List examples of sympathetic/adrenergic neurotransmitters.
* Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)--> Endogenous neurotransmitter * Epinephrine (Adrenaline)--> Endogenous neurotransmitter
36
What is the structural difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?
There is an extra methyl group on the nitrogen in epinephrine.
37
How do drugs influence the ANS?
Mimic or block the effects of the two primary neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
38
What are receptor agonists?
* Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are referred to as "receptor agonists" * These drugs ACTIVATE receptors
39
What are receptor antagonists?
* Drugs that block neurotransmitters are referred to as a "receptor antagonists" * These drugs block the endogenous neurotransmitters from activating receptors * Can't bind directly to transmitter * MUCH larger size
40
How do we classify drugs that effect the parasympathetic nervous system?
* Mimic ACh= cholinergic= muscarinic agonists= parasympathomimetic * Block ACh= anticholinergic= muscranic antagonist= parasympatholytic
41
How do we classify drugs that effect the parasympathetic nervous system?
* Mimic norepinephrine= adrenergic= adrenergic agonist= sympathomimetic (bind to alpha and beta receptor) * Block norepinephrine= antiadrenergic= adrenergic antagonist= sympatholytic (bind to alpha and beta receptor (bind to alpha and beta receptor)
42
What are cholinoreceptors?
Acetylcholine Receptors (parasympathetic)
43
What are adrenoreceptors?
* Norepinephrine receptor * Epinephrine receptor * Characteristic of the sympathetic pathway
44
What are types of receptors in the cholinoreceptor class?
* Nicotinic (Nm, Nn) * Muscarinic (M1, M2, M3)
45
What are types of receptors in the adrenoreceptor path?
* Alpha receptor (alpha1, alpha2) * Beta receptor (B1, B2, B3)
46
What are the targets of cholinergic receptors, specifically the nicotinic receptors?
1. Ganglionic 2. Skeletal Muscle 3. Neuronal CNS
47
How do nicotinic receptors work?
* Na+ Ion Channel * Inside has more potassium * Outside the cell has more Na+--> depolarizes it (more positive charge) * Nicotinic Receptor= 5 subunits ionotropic ligand-gated Na+ channels
48
How do the nicotinic receptor Na+ channels work?
* Opening leads to depolarization of the membrane (Na+ goes into the cell) * Lead to opening of voltage-gated sodium channels to produce action potential * Selectively activated by exogenous nicotine
49
Describe how the muscarinic groups are organized.
* M1, M2, and M5 are similar * Odd numbers go through Gq and mobilize Ca+ * M2, M4 are similar
50
Describe how the adrenergic receptors are grouped.
* A1--> A1a, A1b, A1d * A2 * B--> B1, B2, B3
51
What receptor is considered both muscarinic and adrenergic?
* G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) * 7 transmembrane domains
52
How do A1, adrenergic receptors signal (and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor--> M1, M3, M5)?
* Signal via Gq pathway * IP3-> mobilize Ca++ from intracellularstores * DAG-> Activate protein kinase C (PKC)
53
How do adrenergic receptor subtypes, B1, B2, and B3 signal?
* Via the Gs (opposes Gi) pathway * Gs works by activating adenylyl cyclase and increasing cAMP leading to protein kinase activation (only happens for beta)
54
How does adrenergic receptor subtype, A2, signal? | Also applies to the muscarinic cholonergic receptors M2 and M4
Signal via the Gi pathway Process 1. Inhibit adenylyl cyclase 2. Reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity 3. Actocates certain K+ channels 4. Results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins A2: Found pre-synaptically and function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output: results in decreased transmitter release
55
How to M2/4 and B1 receptors interact?
* M2/4 counteract B1 receptors (Gi vs Gs), reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, e.g. activation of L-type Ca++ channels (Ica) * K+ channel opening that causes hyperpolarization * Gi= M2, M4= inhibitory * Gs= alpha2= stimulatory
56
Why do we study the ANS?
It relates to... * Pathophysiology * Medicinal Chemistry * Therapeutics * Pharmacology An understanding helps with... * Medication Therapy Management (MTM plan)
57
Characterize autonomic pharmacology.
ANS plays a major role in * Regulating BP * Regulating HR/function * Adrenergic drugs for BP and CV disease ANS plays a big role in * bronchoconstriction/dilation Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Info * Many drugs exhibit anticholinergic effects--> Particularly important in treating elderly * Cholinergics in pesticides and chemical weapons * Basis for the discipline of pharmacology
58
# In the heart... Does the rate and force of contraction decrease or increase in the adrenergic response?
* Both the rate of contraction and force of contraction increase in the adrenergic response * In this response the B1>B2 receptor
59
# In the heart... Does the rate and force of contraction decrease or increase in the cholinergic response?
* Both the rate of contraction and force of contraction decrease. * The receptor used is the M2 receptor
60
What is the adrenergic response on the arteries?
* Vasoconstriction * A1 receptor
61
What is the adrenergic response on the veins?
* Vasoconstriction * A1 * A2
62
What is the adrenergic response on the skeletal muscle?
* Vasodilation * Occurs at B2 receptor
63
What is the adrenergic response on the Endothelium?
N/A
64
What is the cholinergic response on the endothelium?
* Releases EDRF * Occurs at the M3 receptor
65
What is the predominant tone at the arterioles, veins, and sweat glands?
* Sympathetic (Adrenergic) * NO PSNS innervation
66
Where is the predominant tone parasympathetic (at work in the resting state)?
* Heart * Eye-iris * Eye-ciliary * GI-tract * Bladder * Salivary
67
What is adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the bronchiolar smooth muscles of the lungs?
Adrenergic: * Bronchodilation * Acts on B2 receptor Cholingergic: * Bronchoconstriction * Acts on M2,3 receptor
68
What is the GI adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the bladder wall?
Adrenergic * Relaxation * Acts on B3 receptor Cholinergic * Contraction * Acts on M3 receptor
69
What is the GI adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the ureter?
Adrenergic * Contraction * Acts on Alpha1 receptor Cholinergic * Relaxation * Acts on M3 receptor
70
What is the GI adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the spincter?
Adrenergic * Contraction * Acts on alpha1 receptor Cholinergic * Relaxation * Acts on the M3 receptor
71
What is the GI adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the uterus (pregnant)?
Adrenergic * Relaxation (B2 receptor) * Contraction (alpha1 receptor) Cholinergic * Variable * M3 Receptor
72
What is the GI adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the Penis/Vas deferens?
Adrenergic * Ejaculation * Uses alpha1 receptor Cholinergic Response * Erection * Uses M3 response
73
What is the GI sympathetic vs parasympathetic response of the Salviary Glands?
Sympathetic * Increases secretion * Uses alpha1 receptor Parasympathic * Increases secretion * Uses M3 receptor
74
What is the GI sympathetic vs parasympathetic response of the smooth muscle (walls and sphincters)?
Sympathetic * Walls--> Relaxation (alpha2, Beta2) * Sphincters--> Contraction (alpha1) Parasympathetic * Walls--> Contraction (M3) * Sphincters--> Relaxation (M3)
75
What is the GI sympathetic vs parasympathetic response of secretion?
Sympathetic * Inhibit secretion * Alpha2 receptor Parasympathetic * Increase secretion * M3 receptor
76
What is the sympathetic vs parasympathetic response of the skin? | Includes hair follicles, smooth muscle
Sympathetic * Contraction, piloerection * Alpha1 receptor Parasympathetic * N/A
77
What is the sympathetic vs parasympathetic response of the sweat glands? | Thermoregulation, Apocrine (Stress)
Thermoregulation * Sympathetic Response--> increases secretion, M3 receptor Apocrine (stress) * Sympathetic Response--> increases secretion, alpha1 receptor
78
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the liver?
Adrenergic * Glyconolysis * Gluconeogenesis * Receptor--> alpha1, beta2 Cholinergic * N/A
79
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the Fat cells?
Adrenergic * Lipolysis * Receptor--> alpha1, B1,2,3
80
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the kidney?
Adrenergic * Increases renin secretion * Receptor B1 Cholinergic * N/A
81
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the pancreas?
Adrenergic * Decrease insulin release * Alpha2 receptor Cholinergic * N/A
82
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the iris?
Radial Muscle * Adrenergic--> Contraction, alpha1 receptor * Cholinergic--> N/A Circular Muscle * Adrenergic--> N/A * Cholinergic--> Contraction, M3 receptor
83
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the ciliary muscle?
Adrenergic * Relaxation, Receptor B2 Cholinergic * Contraction, Receptor M3
84
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the ciliary epithelium?
Adrenergic * Increase secretion of aqueous humor * Beta receptor Cholinergic * Not applicable
85
What is the adrenergic vs cholinergic response of the lacrimal glands?
Adrenergic * Mucus and enzymes * alpha1 receptor Cholinergic * Tears(watery) * M3 receptor
86
What is the iris controlled by?
How much light you have
87
Explain how miosis works.
* Pupilary constriction * Circular muscle is constricted by activation of parasympathetic nerves (M3)
88
Explain how mydriasis works.
* Pupillary dialation * Radial muscle is constricted by activation of sympathetic nerves (alpha1)
89
What is glaucoma?
Increased intraocular eye pressure
90
How does glucoma happen?
Decreased outflow through trabecular network. Increased secretion from ciliary body epithelium.
91
How does the ciliary muscle (M3 agonist, ex. pilocaprine) work?
* Contraction facilitates outflow of aq humor * Decreases intraocular pressure
92
How does the ciliary body (alpha2 agonist, brimonidine) work?
* Inhibit production and increase outflow of aq humor * Decrease intraocular pressure
93
How does the ciliary epithelium (NE-Beta) work?
* Secretion of aq humor * Beta antagonist--> timolol * Decreases intraocular pressure
94
What are prostaglandins?
* Latanaprost * Work by increasing the ouflow of aq humor
95
What are the anatomical components of the SNS?
Preganglionic Neuron * Located in middle regions of spinal cord (thoracolumbar) Postganglionic Neuron * Sympathetic ganglia located near spinal cord * paravertebral ganglia (the sympathetic chain) Long postganglionic projections to target organ
96
What are the anatomical components of the PSNS?
Preganglionic Neuron * Located in brainstem or outer regions of spinal cord (craniosacral) Postganglionic Neuron * Parasympathetic ganglia located in or near target organs Short postganglionic projections to target organ

Exam 1 Therapeutics 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions