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Computational Cardiology > ANS Regulation of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

ANS Regulation of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

transmits sensory information from peripheral organs to the CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

carry motor information away from the peripheral nervous system to the muscles, heart, blood vessels, and glands

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3
Q

Somatic

A

ACh/Nicotinic receptor (skeletal muscle)

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4
Q

Sympathetic

A

ACh/Nicotinic receptor –> Norepinephrine/alpha1, 2, beta1, 2 adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

alpha1 g-coupled + norepinephrine

A

vasoconstriction

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6
Q

alpha2 g-coupled + norepinephrine

A

auto-inhibitory

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7
Q

beta1 g-coupled + norepinephrine

A

heart (increase in heart rate and stroke volume)

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8
Q

beta2 g-coupled + norepinephrine

A

vasodilation

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

ACh/Nicotinic Receptor –> ACh/Muscarinic Receptor

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10
Q

Sympathetic/Adrenal

A

ACh/Nicotinic Receptor –> Adrenal Medulla –> Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%)

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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System helps us

A

handle life’s stresses: hemorrhage, exercise, or even a change in posture

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System helps us

A

conserve and store energy

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13
Q

Anatomy (sympathetic)

A

thoraco-lumbar

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14
Q

Anatomy (parasympathetic)

A

cranio-sacral

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15
Q

Sympathetic functions

A

dilate pupils, dilate bronchioles, increase HR and SV, release adrenaline/epinephrine, stop digestion, delay emptying colon and bladder, stress: fight or flight

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16
Q

Parasympathetic functions

A

constrict pupils, constrict bronchioles, decrease HR, promote digestion, empty colon and bladder, rest and recovery

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17
Q

Atropine blocks

A

muscarinic receptors

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18
Q

propanolol blocks

A

beta1 receptors

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19
Q

Vagus dominates at

A

rests

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20
Q

sympathetic dominates during

A

exercise

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21
Q

Parasympathetic changes in HR are

A

fast

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22
Q

Sympathetic changes are

A

slower, increase rate of depolarization

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23
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

NE released onto beta1 adrenergic receptors: HR^

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24
Q

Parasympathetic (vagus) postganglionic fibers

A

release ACh onto muscarinic receptor: HR decreases

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25
Q

Sympathetic dominates

A

during exercise

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26
Q

Parasympathetic dominates

A

at rest

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27
Q

Sympathetic innervation of blood vessels

A

lots

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28
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to blood vessels

A

very little

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29
Q

Sympathetic on heart and blood vessels

A

Cause large increase in HR and SV because increase rate, contractility, relaxation, conduction velocity

Increase in TPR (increase in arterial constriction), and decrease in compliance (increase in venous constriction)

30
Q

Parasympathetic on heart and blood vessels

A

Cause large decrease in HR due to decrease in rate and conduction velocity

Little change to blood vessels because little change to arterial and venous constriction

31
Q

Sympathetic: stress

A

increase HR, SV –> increase CO
ensure blood flow to heart and brain
regulates heart rate during exercise
innervates blood vessels throughout the body

32
Q

Parasympathetic: recovery

A

rest and relaxation: decrease HR
Promotes digestion
Regulates HR at rest
Primarily vagus (heart); limited blood vessel innervation

33
Q

Negative feedback control for humans

A

Control of mean arterial blood pressure

34
Q

Two advantages of using a negative feedback control system for mean blood pressure

A

if CV system starts to fail can compensate, can fix a disturbance

35
Q

Cut the baroreceptor nerves

A

brainstem does not know the real blood pressure

36
Q

R = set point

A

= 100 mmHg

37
Q

G = cardiovascular system

A

= heart, arteries and arterioles, veins and venules

38
Q

H = baroreceptors

A

= carotid sinus and aortic = afferent nerves

39
Q

D = disturbance

A

= hemorrhage, exercise

40
Q

Pa = mean arterial pressure

A

try to keep at 100 mmHg

41
Q

Between MAP and receptor firing rate around 100 mmHg (zone of maximal sensitivity)

A

Linear relationship

42
Q

Baroreceptors are

A

stretch receptors, when MAP ^, the afferent nerve firing ^

43
Q

With no baroreflex (open loop)

A

H = 0, deltaPa = deltaD

44
Q

Linear, time-invariant system, look at changes in Pa

A

Pa = (D/(1+GH)) + ((RG)/(1+GH))

45
Q

If no disturbance

A

deltaD = 0

46
Q

If there is no change in our set point or th cardiovascular system

A

delta(RG) = 0

47
Q

If we get rid of our feedback system (cut the baroreceptor nerves –> open loop)

A

H = 0

48
Q

Arterial pressure (Pa) decreases

A

decrease in baroreceptor nerve firing

49
Q

decrease in baroreceptor firing

A

e>0

50
Q

e>0

A

increase in sympathetic firing, decrease in parasympathetic firing

51
Q

increase in sympathetic firing

A

increase in HR, SV, TPR, decrease in Cv

52
Q

Decrease in parasympathetic firing

A

increase in HR

53
Q

Increase in HR, SV, TPR, decrease in Cv

A

Increase in CO = HR*SV

54
Q

Increase in CO = HR*SV

A

Increase in arterial pressure (Pa = CO*TPR)

55
Q

Control the carotid sinus pressure (CSP)

A

independently of the mean arterial pressure (MAP)

56
Q

Open loop:

A

the carotid sinus is surgically isolated, CSP does not equal Pa

57
Q

Open loop math

A

GH = -deltaPa/deltaCSP
GH = -output/input
GH = slope

58
Q

When CSP is very low

A

Pa increases

59
Q

When CSP is very high

A

Pa decreases

60
Q

Sympathetic firing increase

A

Increase in HR, SV, CO, TPR, PA, decrease in Cv –> handle stress, fight or flight

61
Q

Parasympathetic firing increase

A

Decrease in HR, CO, Pa, tidal volume, increase in digestion –> rest and recovery

62
Q

Reflexive (respond to a change in MAP)

A

gravity, mild exercise

63
Q

Anticipatory (prevent a change in MAP)

A

exercise, long term adjustments (pregnancy)

64
Q

Gravitational changes cause blood to pool in the legs

A

reduces carotid sinus pressure, activates the baroreflex, HR increases and constrict blood vessels (Cv decreases) –> increase in CO and TPR and therefore Pa

65
Q

What happens to a swimmer’s heart rate in the “head down” position prior to a race

A

Pressure at carotid baroreceptors increases when we put our head down (due to gravity), firing of baroreceptor nerves increases, brainstem measures pressure as too high and sympathetic firing decreases –> HR and Blood pressure decreases

66
Q

Baroreceptors reduce

A

variability of the blood pressure – no effect on MAP

67
Q

We have maximum baroreceptor sensitivity near

A

normal arterial pressure

68
Q

What happens with hypertension?

A

Decrease sensitivity (would not respond as well to postural changes, hemorrhage, etc), instead our body adapts to the higher pressure so that we can maintain our sensitivity

69
Q

With hypertension

A

curve shifts to the right

70
Q

Long term blood pressure control involves

A

hormones (ADH, aldosterone, ANG II), kidney –> gain = infinity

deltaPa = 0

71
Q

After a heart transplant, which of the following are true?

A

Circulating epinephrine increases HR by activating beta1 receptors

Computational Cardiology (7 decks)

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