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*ANS > ANS- Prodigy FCs > Flashcards

ANS- Prodigy FCs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympahtetic

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2
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglionic neurons originate?

A

In the peripheral sympathetic ganglia or one of the sympathetic chain ganglia

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3
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers from cranial nerve IX innervate what gland?

A

The parotid gland

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4
Q

Parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve VII serve what areas? (3)

A

The nasal, submandibular, and lacrimal glands.

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers located within cranial nerve III innervate what two areas?

A

The ciliary muscle of the eye and the pupillary sphincter.

B2 Relaxation of the ciliary muscle > lens flattens > far vision (SNS)
CN 3 > M1 - constriction of ciliary muscle > lens protrudes > near vision (PNS)

A1 - Contracts pupillary muscle/ sphincter > Dilates the pupil (SNS)
CN3 > M1? - relaxes the pupillary sphincter > constricts the pupil (PNS)

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nerves are supplied via the vagus nerves to what areas of the body? (11)

A

Esophagus

Heart

Lungs

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Small intestine

Proximal colon

Upper ureters

Kidneys

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7
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibers exit the CNS?

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

S2-S4

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8
Q

At what point do preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit spinal nerves?

A

Immediately following the spinal nerve’s exit from the spinal canal (T1-L2)

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons found?

A

In the intermediolateral (IML) horn of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

How do sympathetic nerves differ from skeletal motor nerves?

A

Skeletal motor nerves are comprised a 1 single neuron

Sympathetic pathways are comprised of 2 neurons which are termed preganglionic and postganglionic neruons

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11
Q

Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers can be found in what cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

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12
Q
  1. Does the parasympathetic nervous system contain both preganglionic and postganglionic neruons?
  2. How do they differ from the sympathetic pathways?
A
  1. Yes
  2. Most preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel uninterrupted the entire way to the effector organ.
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13
Q

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) are cholinergic and therefore secrete what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Name the two main receptors that acetylcholine activates.

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

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15
Q

What are the two major types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta

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16
Q

Almost all of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic and therefore secrete what NT?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for thermogenesis?

A

Beta 3

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18
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete NE considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic

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19
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

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20
Q

Are the sympathetic nerve fibers that terminate in the adrenal medulla preganglionic or postganlionic? What NT do they secrete?

A

Preganglionic, Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons located?

A

Within the wall of the effector organ (or very close to it)

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22
Q
  1. The majority of sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic and therefore secrete what substance?
  2. Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers serving what 3 areas are cholinergic?
A

Norepi

  1. Cutaneous arterioles
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Piloerector muscles
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23
Q

Sacral parasympathetic fibers are distributed to what areas of the body? (5)

A
  1. Descending colon
  2. Urinary bladder
  3. Rectum
  4. Lower portions of ureters
  5. External genitalia
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24
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for increasing cardiac contractility and increased HR?

A

B1

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25
Q

What alpha receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1

(and post-synaptic alpha-2 in VSM)

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26
Q

What alpha receptor results in inhibition of NT release when stimulated?

A

Presynaptic alpha-2

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27
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for uterine and intestinal relaxation?

A

Beta 2

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28
Q

What beta receptors are located in the lungs that result in bronchodilaton when stimulated?

A

Beta 2

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29
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and bladder wall relaxation?

A

Beta 2

(I thought lipolysis was beta 3?)

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30
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on heart muscle?

A

Increased inotropy

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31
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

Relaxation

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32
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the liver?

A

Causes the liver to release gluose/Glycogenolysis

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33
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the gut?

A

Decreased peristalsis and decreased tone within the lumen

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34
Q

How does activation of the SNS affect the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation and mild constriction of blood vessels

(more air, less blood? maybe? lol)

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35
Q

What happens when beta 2 receptors within the coronary arteries are stimulated?

A

They vasodilate

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36
Q

How does stimulation of the SNS affect sweat glands?

A

Increase sweat release

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37
Q

What are the renal effects of SNS stimulation?

A

Decreased UOP and increase in RENIN secretion

Renin - released from juxtaglomerular apparatus
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotension 1

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38
Q

How does activation of the SNS Affect heart rate?

A

Increased chromotropy

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39
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the nasal, parotid, submandibular, gastric, pancreatic, and nasal glands?

A

Vasoconstriction and minimal secretion

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40
Q

How does activation of the SNS Affect systemic arterioles of the abdominal viscera and skin?

A

Vasoconstriction

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41
Q

What effect does activation of the SNS have on fat cells?

A

lipolysis

42
Q

How does stimulation of the SNS affect the piloerector muscles?

A

Causes them to contract

43
Q

How does SNS activation affect skeletal muscle?

A

Increase in glycogenolysis and increase in strength

44
Q

How does activation of the SNS affect the adrenal medulla secretion?

A

Increased epi and norepi release (80%/20%)

45
Q

How does activation of the SNS affect coagulation?

A

increased coagulation

46
Q

How does activation of the SNS affect the penis?

A

Ejaculation

47
Q

How does SNS stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?

A

Relaxation of the detrusor muscle (pee = contraction of this muscle)

Contraction of the trigone muscle (prevent pee form coming out)

48
Q

How does SNS activation affect basal metabolism?

A

increases it up to 100%

49
Q

How does stimulation of the SNS Affect the pupil?

A

Mydriasis

50
Q

How does stimulation of the SNS affect the apocrine glands?

A

Causes them to release odiferous, thick secretions

51
Q

How does activation of the PSNS affect systemic arterioles?

A

No effect

52
Q

How does activation of the PSNS affect the penis?

A

Erection

53
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?

A

Causes detrusor to contract and trigone to relax (so you can pee)

54
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the pupil?

A

Miosis

55
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

Contraction

56
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the kidney?

A

No effect

57
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect adrenal medulla secretion?

A

No effect

58
Q

Is there any parasympathetic activity in fat cells?

A

Nope

59
Q

Does activation of the PSNS have any effect on skeletal muscle?

A

Nada

60
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the piloerector muscles?

A

No effect

61
Q

Is there any parasympathetic effect on coagulation?

A

Negative

62
Q

How does PSNS activation affect basal metabolism?

A

It doesn’t!

63
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the sweat glands?

A

It produces sweat on the palms of the hands

64
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the lacrimal, parotid, nasal, submandibular, pancreatic, and gastric glands?

A

Increased secretion

65
Q

Does stimulation of the PSNS have any effect on apocrine glands?

A

no0o0o0

66
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the gut?

A

Increased muscle tone of the GI tract and increased peristalsis

67
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the bronchi?

A

Bronchoconstriction

68
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the liver?

A

Slight increase in glycogen synthesis (storage of glucose)

69
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the heart muscle?

A

Decreased inotropy

70
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the HR?

A

decreases it via the vagus nerve and M2 receptors

71
Q

How does PSNS stimulation affect the coronary arteries?

A

dilation ? I thought SNS did this…maybe not… that’s why people have MI’s related to stress

72
Q

What 2 hormones are released into the bloodstream in mass quantities when stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the adrenal medulla occurs?

A

Epi (80%) and NE (20%)

73
Q
A
74
Q

All sympathetic NTs are synthesized from what substance?

Where does this synthesis take place?

A

Tyrosine

Synthesized in the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve ending

(makes sense since postganglionic sympathetic neurons are the ones to release NE)

75
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibers orginate?

A

In the spinal cord and spinal nerves between T1-L2.

>Then pass into the sympathetic chain

>Then on to the organs and tissues they innervate

76
Q

The ANS is responsible for regulating what functions? (7)

A

Arterial pressure control

GI secretions

GI motility

Bladder emptying

Sweating

Body temp

Involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle

77
Q

Are postganglionic neurons of the PSNS considered to be cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

78
Q

Where are the muscarinic receptors located?

A

On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the PNS or SNS

79
Q

Cardiac pump function is affected by the SNS and PSNS in what 3 ways?

A

Heart rate (Chronotropy)

Force of contraction (Inotropy)

Modulation of coronary blood blow

80
Q

The anterior hypothalamus is involved with the regulation of what?

A

Temperature regulation

81
Q

What is the supraoptic hypothalamus responsible for regulating?

A

Water metabolism

82
Q

What is the primary area for relay of afferent chemoreceptor and baroreceptor information from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves?

A

The nucleus tractus solitarius (within the medulla)

83
Q

Increased afferent impulses from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves inhibit the peripheral sympathetic nervous system resulting in…

A

peripheral SNS vascular tone is inhibited

>Vasodilation.

Vagal tone is increased

>Bradycardia

84
Q

What is the thoracolumbar nervous system?

A

The efferent SNS

>starts in the IML gray column of T1-L2/3

85
Q

The fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic sympathetic nervous system ganglia is called what?

What does it provide innervation to?

A

Stellate ganglia/Cervicothoracic ganglia

-Provides sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, upper extremities, heart, and lungs.

86
Q

Which NT is present in the CNS and primarily involved in the coordination of motor activity in the brain?

A

Dopamine

87
Q

What is the predominant pathway for inactivation of the endogenous catecholamines?

What about exogenous catecholamiens?

A

Reuptake - Endogenous

Metabolism by liver and kidneys - Exogenous

88
Q

What is the predominate metabolite of norepinephrine found in the urine?

A

Vanillylmandelic acid

89
Q

What are the characteristics of muscarinic stimulation? (6)

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Decreased contracility
  3. Miosis
  4. Bronchoconstriction
  5. Increased gastric secretion
  6. GI hypermotility
90
Q

When given in low doses, which two muscarinic antagonists may produce paradoxical bradycardia?

A

Atropine and scopalamine

91
Q

Which commonly used drug is a centrally acting selective partial alpha-2 adrenergic agonist?

What does it cause?

A

Clonidine

>causes a decrease in central sympathetic outflow

92
Q

Which narcotic has been reported to produce HTN crisis, convulsions, and coma in patients taking MAO inhibitors?

A

Meperidine

93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A

*ANS (4 decks)

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