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PHRM 825 > ANS Overview > Flashcards

ANS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS
PNS: made up of the autonomic and somatic NS
-autonomic: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
-somatic: skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary

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2
Q

Functions of the ANS

A

regulation of the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, lymphoid, and some adipose tissues (mostly involuntary)

autonomic tone: always active, even to some degree at rest

sympathetic and parasympathetic actions are often but not always opposing

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3
Q

Functions of the SNS

A

control skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary

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4
Q

anatomy of the ANS: 2 neuron path

A

preganglionic neuron in the CNS projects to the autonomic ganglia

postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglion projects to the target cell

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5
Q

What is the primary transmitter of all preganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

What is the transmitter of all PSNS postganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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7
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on the postganglionic neurons?

A

N (nicotinic) receptor

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8
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on the target cell for the parasympathetic NS?

A

M (muscarinic) receptor

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9
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on sweat glands in the sympathetic NS?

A

M (muscarinic) receptor

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10
Q

What is the most common transmitter in the SNS postganglionic neuron?

A

norepinephrine (NE)

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11
Q

What is the receptor for NE on the cardiac/smooth muscle cells in the sympathetic NS?

A

alpha and beta receptors

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12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the SNS renal vascular smooth muscle?

A

dopamine

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13
Q

What is the receptor for dopamine in the renal vascular smooth muscle in the sympathetic NS?

A

D1

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter from the adrenal medulla in the SNS?

A

epinephrine and NE

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15
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for somatic skeletal muscle?

A

ACh

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16
Q

What is the receptor for somatic skeletal muscle?

A

N (nicotinic) receptor

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17
Q

What is the main difference in the anatomy of the autonomic and somatic NS?

A

autonomic is a two neuron path

somatic is one neuron from the CNS to the target cells

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18
Q

Parasympathetic NS preganglionic neurons

A

-long
-synapse with postganglionic neurons at/near organ
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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19
Q

Parasympathetic NS postganglionic neurons

A

-short
-synapse on the target organ
-release ACh to activate muscarinic receptors on the target organ

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20
Q

Sympathetic NS preganglionic neurons

A

-short
-synapse with postganglionic neurons near the spinal cord (paravertebral sympathetic ganglion)
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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21
Q

Sympathetic NS postganglionic neurons

A

-long
-synapse on the target organ
-release NE to activate adrenergic receptors on target organs

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22
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: adrenal gland

A

-preganglionic neurons don’t synapse in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion
-preganglionic neurons synapse directly onto the adrenal gland, release ACH, and activate nicotinic receptors on the adrenal gland
-adrenal glands release epinephrine into systemic circulation (blood)

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23
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: kidneys

A

also affected by dopamine (mainly synthesized locally, not ANS)

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24
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: sweat glands

A

-postganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release NE (“sweaty palms”), sympathetic function
-postganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release ACh, parasympathetic function

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25
QUESTION: Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
26
When creating drugs, should you focus more on the preganglionic or postganglionic neurons?
postganglionic: much more specific, so it's easier to target specific organs -preganglionic is more generalized because they all release ACh and bind to N receptors
27
Neuron types in the parasympathetic NS
cholinergic -acetylcholine -exogenous: muscarine and nicotine
28
Neuron types in the sympathetic NS
adrenergic -norepinephrine (noradrenaline) -epinephrine (adrenaline) --the difference between these two is that epinephrine has a methyl group off of the N
29
How do drugs influence the ANS
mimic or block the effects of ACh or NE/epinephrine
30
Receptor agonists
drugs that mimic neurotransmitters -bind directly to and activate the receptor
31
Receptor antagonists
drugs that block neurotransmitters -indirect action, bind to receptor to block the binding of the NT
32
PNS: drugs that mimic ACh
cholinergic - muscarinic agonists - parasympathomimetic
33
PNS: drugs that block ACh
anticholinergic - muscarinic antagonists - parasympatholytic
34
SNS: drugs that mimic NE
adrenergic - adrenergic agonist - sympathomimetic
35
SNS: drugs that block NE
antiadrenergic - adrenergic antagonist - sympatholytic
36
Cholinoceptors (ACh receptors)
nicotinic: Nm (muscle), Nn (CNS) muscarinic: M1, M2, M3 (5 total types)
37
Adrenoceptors (NE and epinephrine receptors)
alpha: a1, a2 beta: b1, b2, b3
38
Nicotinic receptors
ganglionic, skeletal muscle, neuronal CNS -5 subunit ionotropic ligand-gated Na+ channels -opening leads to depolarization of membrane (influx of Na+) -lead to opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels to produce action potential -selectively activated by exogenous nicotine
39
Muscarinic receptors
M1, M3, M5 and M2, M4
40
Adrenergic receptors
a1: a1a, a1b, a1c a2 b: b1, b2, b3
41
GPCRs (muscarinic and adreneric)
M1, M3, M5 paired with Gq (activator) M2, M4 paired with Gi (inhibitor)
42
Adrenergic receptor a1 (and M1, M3, M5)
M1, M3, M5 paired with Gq (activator) -IP3 mobilizes Ca++ from intracellular stores -DAG activates protein kinase C
43
Adrenergic receptor b1, b2, b3
signal through Gs (s = stimulation) -activate adenylyl cyclase -increase cAMP leading to protein kinase activation -results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins
44
Adrenergic receptor a2 (and M2, M4)
signal via Gi pathway (i = inhibitory) -inhibits cAMP production -inhibit adenylyl cyclase -reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity -activate certain K+ channels -found presynaptically and function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output, results in decreased transmitter release
45
Receptor interactions: M2/4 v. b1
counteract b1 receptors (Gi v. Gs), reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (activation of L-type Ca++ channels) -K+ channel opening causes hyperpolarization
46
Why study the ANS?
therapeutics, pathophysiology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology go into the ANS, which helps with MTM
47
autonomic pharmacology
major role in regulation of BP and heart function: many adrenergic drugs for BP and CV diseases major role in bhronoconstriction/dilation many drugs have anticholinergic effects (important for geriatrics) -cholinergics in pesticides and chemical weapons
48
Functional responses mediated by the ANS: heart
rate of contraction -adrenergic response: increase, receptor b1 > b2 -cholinergic response: decrease, receptor M2 force of contraction -adrenergic response: increase, receptor b1 > b2 -cholinergic response: decrease, receptor M2
49
Functional responses mediated by ANS: blood vessels
arteries -adrenergic response: vasoconstriction, receptor a1 -cholinergic response: none veins -adrenergic response: vasoconstriction, receptor a1,2 -cholinergic response: none skeletal muscle -adrenergic response: vasodilation, receptor b2 -cholinergic response: none endothelium -adrenergic response: none -cholinergic response: release EDRF, receptor M3
50
What sites have a predominant SNS tone?
arterioles, veins, and sweat glands (no PSNS innervation)
51
What sites have a predominant PSNS tone?
heart, eye (iris, ciliary), GI tract, bladder, salivary
52
Functional responses mediated by ANS: lung
bronchiolar smooth muscle -adrenergic response: bronchodilation, receptor b2 -cholinergic response: bronchoconstriction, receptors M2,3
53
Functional responses mediated by ANS: genitourinary system
bladder wall -adrenergic: relaxation, receptor b3 -cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3 ureter -adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1 -cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3 sphincter -adrenergeric: contraction, receptor a1 -cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3 uterus (pregnancy) -adrenergic: relaxation (receptor b2) or contraction (receptor a1) -cholinergic: variable, receptor M3 penis/vas deferens -adrenergic: ejaculation, receptor a1 -cholinergic: erection, receptor M3 --SNS and PSNS work together in this case
54
Functional responses mediated by ANS: GI
salivary glands -adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor a1 -cholinergic: increase secretion, receptor M3 smooth muscle -walls --adrenergic: relaxation, receptors a2, b2 --cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3 sphincters --adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1 --cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3 secretion -adrenergic: inhibits, receptor a2 -cholinergic: increase, receptor M3
55
Functional responses mediated by ANS: skin and glands
skin: hair follicles, smooth muscle -adrenergic: contraction, piloerection, receptor a1 -cholinergic: none sweat glands -thermoregulation --adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor M3 --cholinergic: none -apocrine (stress) --adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor a1 --cholinergic: none
56
Functional responses mediated by ANS: metabolic functions
liver -adrenergic: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, receptor a1, b2 -cholinergic: none fat cells -adrenergic: lipolysis, receptors a1, b1,2,3 -cholinergic: none kidney -adrenergic: increase renin secretion (BP control), receptor b1 -cholinergic: none pancreas -adrenergic: decrease insulin release, receptor a2 -cholinergic: none
57
Functional responses mediated by ANS: eye
iris -radial muscle --adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1 --cholinergic: none -circular muscle --adrenergic: none --cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3 ciliary muscle -adrenergic: relaxation, receptor b2 -cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3 ciliary epithelium -adrenergic: increase secretion of aqueous humor, receptor b -cholinergic: none lacrimal glands -adrenergic: mucus and enzymes, receptor a1 -cholinergic: tears (watery), receptor M3
58
ANS opposition: the iris
pupillary constriction (miosis): circular muscle is constricted by activation of parasympathetic nerves (M3) pupillary dilation (mydriasis): radial muscle is constricted by activation of sympathetic nerves (a1)
59
How is glaucoma prevented?
ciliary muscle (M3 agonist, pilocarpine): contraction facilitates outflow of aqueous humor, decreases intraocular pressure ciliary body (a2 agonist, brimonidine): inhibit production and increase outflow of aqueous humor, decrease intraocular pressure ciliary epithelium (NE-b): secretion of aqueous humor, beta antagonist (timolol) will decrease intraocular pressure -prostaglandins increase outflow of aqueous humor
60
What is galucoma?
increased intraocular pressure -decreased outflow through trabecular network -increased secretion from ciliary body epithelium -can lead to blindness

PHRM 825 (5 decks)

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