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PHRM 825 Exam 1 > ANS Overview > Flashcards

ANS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS
PNS: made up of the autonomic and somatic NS
-autonomic: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
-somatic: skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary

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2
Q

Functions of the ANS

A

regulation of the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, lymphoid, and some adipose tissues (mostly involuntary)

autonomic tone: always active, even to some degree at rest

sympathetic and parasympathetic actions are often but not always opposing

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3
Q

Functions of the SNS

A

control skeletal muscles, mostly voluntary

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4
Q

anatomy of the ANS: 2 neuron path

A

preganglionic neuron in the CNS projects to the autonomic ganglia

postganglionic neuron in the peripheral ganglion projects to the target cell

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5
Q

What is the primary transmitter of all preganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

What is the transmitter of all PSNS postganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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7
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on the postganglionic neurons?

A

N (nicotinic) receptor

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8
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on the target cell for the parasympathetic NS?

A

M (muscarinic) receptor

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9
Q

What is the receptor for ACh on sweat glands in the sympathetic NS?

A

M (muscarinic) receptor

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10
Q

What is the most common transmitter in the SNS postganglionic neuron?

A

norepinephrine (NE)

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11
Q

What is the receptor for NE on the cardiac/smooth muscle cells in the sympathetic NS?

A

alpha and beta receptors

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12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the SNS renal vascular smooth muscle?

A

dopamine

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13
Q

What is the receptor for dopamine in the renal vascular smooth muscle in the sympathetic NS?

A

D1

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter from the adrenal medulla in the SNS?

A

epinephrine and NE

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15
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for somatic skeletal muscle?

A

ACh

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16
Q

What is the receptor for somatic skeletal muscle?

A

N (nicotinic) receptor

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17
Q

What is the main difference in the anatomy of the autonomic and somatic NS?

A

autonomic is a two neuron path

somatic is one neuron from the CNS to the target cells

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18
Q

Parasympathetic NS preganglionic neurons

A

-long
-synapse with postganglionic neurons at/near organ
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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19
Q

Parasympathetic NS postganglionic neurons

A

-short
-synapse on the target organ
-release ACh to activate muscarinic receptors on the target organ

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20
Q

Sympathetic NS preganglionic neurons

A

-short
-synapse with postganglionic neurons near the spinal cord (paravertebral sympathetic ganglion)
-release ACh to activate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

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21
Q

Sympathetic NS postganglionic neurons

A

-long
-synapse on the target organ
-release NE to activate adrenergic receptors on target organs

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22
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: adrenal gland

A

-preganglionic neurons don’t synapse in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion
-preganglionic neurons synapse directly onto the adrenal gland, release ACH, and activate nicotinic receptors on the adrenal gland
-adrenal glands release epinephrine into systemic circulation (blood)

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23
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: kidneys

A

also affected by dopamine (mainly synthesized locally, not ANS)

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24
Q

Exceptions in the sympathetic NS: sweat glands

A

-postganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release NE (“sweaty palms”), sympathetic function
-postganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release ACh, parasympathetic function

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25
Q

QUESTION: Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

26
Q

When creating drugs, should you focus more on the preganglionic or postganglionic neurons?

A

postganglionic: much more specific, so it’s easier to target specific organs
-preganglionic is more generalized because they all release ACh and bind to N receptors

27
Q

Neuron types in the parasympathetic NS

A

cholinergic
-acetylcholine
-exogenous: muscarine and nicotine

28
Q

Neuron types in the sympathetic NS

A

adrenergic
-norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-epinephrine (adrenaline)
–the difference between these two is that epinephrine has a methyl group off of the N

29
Q

How do drugs influence the ANS

A

mimic or block the effects of ACh or NE/epinephrine

30
Q

Receptor agonists

A

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters
-bind directly to and activate the receptor

31
Q

Receptor antagonists

A

drugs that block neurotransmitters
-indirect action, bind to receptor to block the binding of the NT

32
Q

PNS: drugs that mimic ACh

A

cholinergic - muscarinic agonists - parasympathomimetic

33
Q

PNS: drugs that block ACh

A

anticholinergic - muscarinic antagonists - parasympatholytic

34
Q

SNS: drugs that mimic NE

A

adrenergic - adrenergic agonist - sympathomimetic

35
Q

SNS: drugs that block NE

A

antiadrenergic - adrenergic antagonist - sympatholytic

36
Q

Cholinoceptors (ACh receptors)

A

nicotinic: Nm (muscle), Nn (CNS)
muscarinic: M1, M2, M3 (5 total types)

37
Q

Adrenoceptors (NE and epinephrine receptors)

A

alpha: a1, a2
beta: b1, b2, b3

38
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

ganglionic, skeletal muscle, neuronal CNS
-5 subunit ionotropic ligand-gated Na+ channels
-opening leads to depolarization of membrane (influx of Na+)
-lead to opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels to produce action potential
-selectively activated by exogenous nicotine

39
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

M1, M3, M5 and M2, M4

40
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

a1: a1a, a1b, a1c
a2
b: b1, b2, b3

41
Q

GPCRs (muscarinic and adreneric)

A

M1, M3, M5 paired with Gq (activator)
M2, M4 paired with Gi (inhibitor)

42
Q

Adrenergic receptor a1 (and M1, M3, M5)

A

M1, M3, M5 paired with Gq (activator)
-IP3 mobilizes Ca++ from intracellular stores
-DAG activates protein kinase C

43
Q

Adrenergic receptor b1, b2, b3

A

signal through Gs (s = stimulation)
-activate adenylyl cyclase
-increase cAMP leading to protein kinase activation
-results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins

44
Q

Adrenergic receptor a2 (and M2, M4)

A

signal via Gi pathway (i = inhibitory)
-inhibits cAMP production
-inhibit adenylyl cyclase
-reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity
-activate certain K+ channels
-found presynaptically and function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output, results in decreased transmitter release

45
Q

Receptor interactions: M2/4 v. b1

A

counteract b1 receptors (Gi v. Gs), reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (activation of L-type Ca++ channels)
-K+ channel opening causes hyperpolarization

46
Q

Why study the ANS?

A

therapeutics, pathophysiology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology go into the ANS, which helps with MTM

47
Q

autonomic pharmacology

A

major role in regulation of BP and heart function: many adrenergic drugs for BP and CV diseases

major role in bhronoconstriction/dilation

many drugs have anticholinergic effects (important for geriatrics)
-cholinergics in pesticides and chemical weapons

48
Q

Functional responses mediated by the ANS: heart

A

rate of contraction
-adrenergic response: increase, receptor b1 > b2
-cholinergic response: decrease, receptor M2

force of contraction
-adrenergic response: increase, receptor b1 > b2
-cholinergic response: decrease, receptor M2

49
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: blood vessels

A

arteries
-adrenergic response: vasoconstriction, receptor a1
-cholinergic response: none

veins
-adrenergic response: vasoconstriction, receptor a1,2
-cholinergic response: none

skeletal muscle
-adrenergic response: vasodilation, receptor b2
-cholinergic response: none

endothelium
-adrenergic response: none
-cholinergic response: release EDRF, receptor M3

50
Q

What sites have a predominant SNS tone?

A

arterioles, veins, and sweat glands (no PSNS innervation)

51
Q

What sites have a predominant PSNS tone?

A

heart, eye (iris, ciliary), GI tract, bladder, salivary

52
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: lung

A

bronchiolar smooth muscle
-adrenergic response: bronchodilation, receptor b2
-cholinergic response: bronchoconstriction, receptors M2,3

53
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: genitourinary system

A

bladder wall
-adrenergic: relaxation, receptor b3
-cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3

ureter
-adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1
-cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3

sphincter
-adrenergeric: contraction, receptor a1
-cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3

uterus (pregnancy)
-adrenergic: relaxation (receptor b2) or contraction (receptor a1)
-cholinergic: variable, receptor M3

penis/vas deferens
-adrenergic: ejaculation, receptor a1
-cholinergic: erection, receptor M3
–SNS and PSNS work together in this case

54
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: GI

A

salivary glands
-adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor a1
-cholinergic: increase secretion, receptor M3

smooth muscle
-walls
–adrenergic: relaxation, receptors a2, b2
–cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3
sphincters
–adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1
–cholinergic: relaxation, receptor M3

secretion
-adrenergic: inhibits, receptor a2
-cholinergic: increase, receptor M3

55
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: skin and glands

A

skin: hair follicles, smooth muscle
-adrenergic: contraction, piloerection, receptor a1
-cholinergic: none

sweat glands
-thermoregulation
–adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor M3
–cholinergic: none
-apocrine (stress)
–adrenergic: increase secretion, receptor a1
–cholinergic: none

56
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: metabolic functions

A

liver
-adrenergic: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, receptor a1, b2
-cholinergic: none

fat cells
-adrenergic: lipolysis, receptors a1, b1,2,3
-cholinergic: none

kidney
-adrenergic: increase renin secretion (BP control), receptor b1
-cholinergic: none

pancreas
-adrenergic: decrease insulin release, receptor a2
-cholinergic: none

57
Q

Functional responses mediated by ANS: eye

A

iris
-radial muscle
–adrenergic: contraction, receptor a1
–cholinergic: none
-circular muscle
–adrenergic: none
–cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3

ciliary muscle
-adrenergic: relaxation, receptor b2
-cholinergic: contraction, receptor M3

ciliary epithelium
-adrenergic: increase secretion of aqueous humor, receptor b
-cholinergic: none

lacrimal glands
-adrenergic: mucus and enzymes, receptor a1
-cholinergic: tears (watery), receptor M3

58
Q

ANS opposition: the iris

A

pupillary constriction (miosis): circular muscle is constricted by activation of parasympathetic nerves (M3)

pupillary dilation (mydriasis): radial muscle is constricted by activation of sympathetic nerves (a1)

59
Q

How is glaucoma prevented?

A

ciliary muscle (M3 agonist, pilocarpine): contraction facilitates outflow of aqueous humor, decreases intraocular pressure

ciliary body (a2 agonist, brimonidine): inhibit production and increase outflow of aqueous humor, decrease intraocular pressure

ciliary epithelium (NE-b): secretion of aqueous humor, beta antagonist (timolol) will decrease intraocular pressure
-prostaglandins increase outflow of aqueous humor

60
Q

What is galucoma?

A

increased intraocular pressure
-decreased outflow through trabecular network
-increased secretion from ciliary body epithelium
-can lead to blindness

PHRM 825 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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