ANS intro

Question 1

What are the principal efferent outputs from the CNS

Answer 1

Autonomic
Somatic
Neuroendocrine

Question 2

What are the principle target organs of the ANS

Answer 2

Eye
Trachea and broncheoles
Liver
Adipose
Kidney
Ureters and bladder
Salivary glands
Skin 
Heart
Gastrointestinal 
Blood vessels

Question 3

What is the role of the sympathetic NS in the following organs:
Eye
Salivary glands
Trachea and bronchioles
Skin
Liver

Answer 3

Dilation
Thick and vicious secretion 
Dilation 
Piloerection and increased sweating
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 4

What is the role of the sympathetic NS in the following organs:
Heart
Adipose
Gastrointestinal
Kidney
Ureters and bladder
Blood vessels

Answer 4

Increase rate and contractility
Lipolysis
Decrease motility and tone, sphincter contraction
Increased renin secretion
Relax dextrusor, contract trigone and sphincter
Dilate skeletal, constrict in skin/mucous membrane/splanchnic

Question 5

What is the role of the parasympathetic NS in the following organs:
Eye
Salivary glands
Trachea and bronchioles
Heart
Gastrointestinal 
Ureter and bladder

Answer 5

Constrict
Copious, watery secretion
Constrict
Decrease rate and contractility
Increase motility and tone and secretions
Contract dextrusor, relax trigone and sphincter

Question 6

Describe neurotransmitter release from parasympathetic system

Answer 6

Long pre - short post

N ACh - M ACh

Question 7

Describe the neurotransmitter release from the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

short pre - long post
N ACh - A NA

short pre - adrenal medulla - bloodstream
N ACh - NA/A

Short pre - long post
N ACh - M ACh

Question 8

What is the ratio of pre to post in the PNS

Answer 8

1:1

Question 9

What is the ratio of pre to post in the SNS

Answer 9

Up to 1:20

Question 10

What is the neurotransmitter released from the somatic nervous system

Answer 10

ACh

Question 11

Describe enteric nervous system action

Answer 11

Chemical substances in the gut lumen sensed by sensory neurones connected to mucosal chemoreceptors and stretch receptors
Information relayed to submucosal and myenteric plexus via interneurones
Motor neurones release ACh/substance P to contract SM or vasoactive intestinal peptide/NO to relax

Question 12

Give features of nicotinic receptors

Answer 12

Found at all autonomic ganglia
Nicotine/ACh
Ionotropic type 1

Question 13

Give features of muscarinic receptors

Answer 13

Found at all effector organs innervated by post ganglionic PNS fibres
Muscarine/ACh
G-protein coupled type 2

Question 14

What are the subtypes of muscarinic cholinoreceptors

Answer 14

M1 - neural
M2 - cardiac
M3 - exocrine and smooth muscle
M4 - periphery 
M5 - stratal dopamine release

Question 15

Give features of adrenoceptors

Answer 15

At all effector organs innervated by post ganglionic sympathetic fibres
NA/A
G-protein coupled type 2

Question 16

Describe the biosynthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 16

1. Acetyl CoA + choline
   Choline acetyl transferase
2. AcetylCholine + CoA
   (into vesicle, exocytosis on Ca2+ influx due to AP)

acetylcholinesterase
3. Acetate + Choline

Question 17

Describe the biosynthesis of noradrenaline

Answer 17

1. Tyrosine
	Tyrosine hydroxylase
2. DOPA
	DOPA decarboxylase
3. Dopamine 
Dopamine beta hydroxylase in the vesicle
4. Noradrenaline
a. Uptake into the pre-synaptic bulb 
	Monoamine oxidase A
Metabolites
b. Postsynaptic uptake+ peripheral uptake 
	COMT

Question 18

Describe the biosynthesis of adrenaline

Answer 18

1. Tyrosine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
2. DOPA
DOPA decarboxylase
2. Dopamine
Dopamine hydroxylase
3. Noradrenaline
PNMT
4. Adrenaline

Question 19

What controls the ANS

Answer 19

Nucleus tractus solitarius

Question 20

Where does the sympathetic nervous system eminate from

Answer 20

T1-L3

Question 21

Which nerves make up the PNS

Answer 21

Sacral splanchnic S2-S4

Cranial III, VII, IX, X

Question 22

What are the types of sympathetic adrenoreceptors

Answer 22

alpha 1 - A, B, D
alpha 2 - A, B, C
beta 1
beta 2