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5115 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the integration centers for the ANS?

A

Brain stem, hypothalamus, spinal cord

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2
Q

Sympathetic ANS nerves

A

Spinal nerves - thoracic and lumbar

Exit here

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3
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic

A
  • Short
  • Cell body in spinal cord
  • Axon through anterior horn of spinal cord and to spinal nerve and sympathetic ganglia
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4
Q

Where does the sympathetic preganglionic synapse?

A
  1. Postganglionic neuron
  2. Other ganglions in sympathetic chain
  3. Prevertebral ganglion (Celiac, hypogastric)
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5
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic

A

Long

Target organs

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6
Q

Adipose tissue

receptor

A

Beta 1 - Sympathetic effect - lipolysis

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7
Q

Uterus

Receptor

A

Beta 2 - Sympathetic - Relaxation

Alpha 1 - Sympathetic - Contraction

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8
Q

Pancreas

Receptor

A

Beta 2 -
Sympathetic - decreased insulin
Para - increased insulin

Alpha 1 -
Sympathetic - decreased glucagon
Para - increased glucagon

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9
Q

Bladder

Receptor

A

Alpha 1 -
Sympathetic - relaxation
Parasympathetic - contraction

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10
Q

Upper GI

A

Alpha 1 - Sympathetic - relaxation

Alpha 1 - Parasympathetic - increased motility

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11
Q

Gallbladder

A

Beta 2
Sympathetic - relaxation
Para - contraction

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12
Q

Liver

A

Beta 2

Sympathetic - glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Kidney

A

Beta 2
Sympathetic - renin release
Para - none

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14
Q

Spleen

A

Alpha 1
Symp - release RBC
Para - none

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15
Q

Bronchioles

A

Beta 2
Symp - dilation
Para - constriction

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16
Q

Secretions

A

Beta 2
Symp - none
Para - increased

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17
Q

skeletal vessel

A

Beta 2
Symp - dilation
Para - none directly

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18
Q

blood vessels

A

Alpha 1
Symp - vasoconstriction
Para - none directly

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19
Q

myocardium

A

Beta 1
Symp - increased contractility
Para - none directly

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20
Q

A.V node

A

Beta 1
Symp - increased conduction
Para - decreased conduction

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21
Q

S.A. node

A

Beta 1
Symp - increased HR
Para - decreased HR

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22
Q

Salivary glands

A

Unknown receptor
Symp - decreased secretions
Para - increased secretions

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23
Q

Pupil

A

Alpha 1
Symp - dilation
Para - constriction

24
Q

what is the concept of sympathetic and parasympathetic “tone”

A

Vessels - sympathetic

Heart rate - Parasympathetic

25
Q

what is the concept of sympathetic and parasympathetic “tone”

A

Vagus regulated heart rate at rest = vagal tone

Sympathetic regulate vascular tone all the time = sympathetic tone

Vessels - sympathetic
Heart rate - Parasympathetic

26
Q

What population of pts in vulnerable to autonomic hyperreflexia?

A

T5-T7 transection

27
Q

What changes occur in the spinal cords/NS of these pts?

A

New synapses formed below the transection, which causes a lot of activity below the lesion

28
Q

What kinds of stimuli initiate the mass reflex?

A

Pain
Full bladder
Bowel movement

Stretching of the organ sends a bunch of AP to the spinal cord, activate sympathetic output, causing increase BP

Above the lesion - parasympathetic. B/c BP is high, so baroreceptors are stretched that activate PNS and the person will get bradycardia, nasal congestion, flushing.

29
Q

Compare the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic in Autonomic hyperreflexia above and below the level of a lesion in a pt with a mass reflex episode?

A

Sympathetic reflex below lesion

Parasympathetic reflex above lesion

30
Q

What is the greatest clinical concern during a mass reflex episode?

A

Severe Hypertension

31
Q

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

A
  1. III - oculomotor, pupils (constriction)
  2. VII - facial, salivary glands
  3. IX glossopharangeal, pharynx (swallowing), carotid baroreceptors
  4. X - vagus, aortic baroreceptors, ANS motor
32
Q

Where to the Parasympathetic cell bodies live?

A 
Spinal - Sacral (exit here)
1.  colon    
2.  bladder    
3.  external genitalia 
Cranial nerves
33
Q

What NTx is released by the preganglionic cell?

Sympathetic

A

ACH

34
Q

What NTx is released by the preganglionic cell?

Parasympathetic

A

ACH

35
Q

Where are the receptors for the NTx released by the preganglionic cell?
Sympathetic

A

Ganglion (located near the spinal cord)

36
Q

Where are the receptors for the NTx released by the preganglionic cell?
Parasympathetic

A

Ganglion (located near target organs)

37
Q

What kind of subtype of receptor are they?

Sympathetic

A

Nicotinic

38
Q

What kind of subtype of receptor are they?

Parasympathetic

A

Nicotinic

39
Q

Give an example of an agonist and an antagonist for this receptor?
Sympathetic

A

agonist - nicotine

antagonist - NMB

40
Q

Give an example of an agonist and an antagonist for this receptor?
Parasympathetic

A

agonist - nicotine

antagonist - NMB

41
Q

Where are the receptors for the NTx released by the postganglionic cell?
Sympathetic

A

At the periphery (target organ)

42
Q

Where are the receptors for the NTx released by the postganglionic cell?
Parasympathetic

A

At the periphery - at target organ

43
Q

What kind of subtype(s) of receptor are they?

Sympathetic

A

Adrenergic (alpha or beta)

44
Q

What kind of subtype(s) of receptor are they?

Parasympathetic

A

Muscarinic

45
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates the medulla?

A

ACH

46
Q

What kind of receptors are located at the adrenal medulla?

A

Nicotinic receptors

47
Q

what does the medulla produce?

A

catecholamines
80% epi
20% dopamine, norepi

48
Q

Give an example of an agonist and an antagonist for this receptor?
Parasympathetic

A

agonist - Muscarine

antagonist - atropine, scopolamine

49
Q

What are the major actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

s one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

50
Q

What are the major actions of the sympathetic nervous system? How do these actions support an organism in an emergency situation?

A

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for up- and down-regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms. Fibers from the SNS innervate tissues in almost every organ system, providing at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function.

the fight-or-flight response - priming the body for action, particularly in situations threatening survival.

One example of this priming is in the moments before waking, in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action.

51
Q

What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the autonomic nervous system?

A

the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla (but also all other sympathetic fibers) secrete acetylcholine, which activates the great secretion of adrenaline (epinephrine) and to a lesser extent noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from it. Therefore, this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla.

52
Q

where is the synapse in the adrenal medulla?

A

pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with chromaffin cells, triggering the release of two transmitters: a small proportion of norepinephrine, and more substantially, epinephrine. The synthesis and release of epinephrine as opposed to norepinephrine is another distinguishing feature of chromaffin cells compared to postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminating in the kidney release dopamine, which acts on dopamine D1 receptors of blood vessels to control how much blood the kidney filters. Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine, but is nonetheless a distinct signaling molecule.[7]

53
Q

where do these substances produced by the adrenal medulla have their effects?

A

cardiovascular system

54
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates the medulla?

A

ACH

Cholinergic, preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the splanchnic sympathetic nerves release acetylcholine

55
Q

What kind of receptors are located at the adrenal medulla?

A

Nicotinic receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on Chromaffin cells

  1. Receptor stimulates Gs
  2. Activates adenylate cyclase
  3. Increases production of cAMP
  4. Activates A kinase
  5. Activates tyr hydroxylase

Stimulated by sympathetic input.
Acetylcholine binds ion-channel nicotinic receptor.
Depolarizes chromaffin cells.
Increases calcium influx.
Stimulates exocytosis of chromaffin granules.

56
Q

what does the medulla produce?

A

stimulates both synthesis and secretion of catecholamines
80% epi
20% dopamine, norepi

57
Q

Compare the time scale of sympathetic neuronal versus adrenal medulla effects.

A

catecholamine release and impact takes approximately 2 minutes

5115 (8 decks)

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