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Pharmacology And Physiology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

Responds to stressful situations

Heart rate, blood pressure, contractions

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2
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

Basal activities - ‘rest and digest’

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3
Q

Where on the spinal cord are the parasympathetic nerves compared to the sympathetic nerves?

A

Sympathetic nerves - central area

Parasympathetic - top and bottom

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4
Q

The X system has short, myelinated pre-ganglionic fibres, and long unmyelinated post ganglionic fibres.
The Y system has long , myelinated pre-ganglionic fibres, and short unmyelinated post-ganglionic fibres.

A 
X = sympathetic 
Y = parasympathetic
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5
Q

In the parasympathetic system, for pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neutrons, what is the:
A)neurotransmitter used
B)receptor used

A

Pre-ganglionic - ACh and nAChR

Post-ganglionic - ACh and mAChR

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6
Q

In the sympathetic system, for pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neutrons, what is the:
A)neurotransmitter used
B)receptor used

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron - ACh and nAChR

Post-ganglia neuron - NA and adrenoceptors

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7
Q

What type of receptors are MAChRs?

A

G-coupled receptors

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8
Q

How are adrenal glands different in how they transmit signals?

A

They contain chromaffin cells.

On sympathetic stimulation the chromaffin cells release adrenaline into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is dysautonomia?

A

An ANS malfunction

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10
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

Cancer of the adrenal glands

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11
Q

What is the name for ACh synthesis and what substances are involved?

A

Choline acetyltransferase

Acetyl CoA + choline = acetylcholine + coenzyme A

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12
Q

What the name for ACh degradation and what substances are involved?

A

Acetylcholineterose

Acetylcholine = acetate + choline

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13
Q

What side effects could a non-selective mAChR drug cause?

A

Low heartbeat
Bronchoconstriction
Increased sweating

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14
Q

What is the acronym for drug side effects? What are these generally caused by and what can they can treated with?

A 
S - salivation
L - lacrimation - of lacrimal glands (tears)
U - urination
D - defecation
G - GI upset
E - Emesis - vomiting

Caused by over - stimulation of MAChRs (drug overdoes, nerve bases, magic mushrooms). Treated with anti-cholinergic agents.

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15
Q

What are varicosities?

A

Small nodes in the axonal network on the sympathetic post-ganglionic neutrons that are specialised for Ca2+ release.

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16
Q

After a noradrenaline transmitter has binded to an adrenoceptor, what two ways is it removed?

A

Uptake 1: back to the pre-synaptic terminal

Uptake 2: through the post-synaptic cell

17
Q

What is salbutamol?

A

A beta2 - adrenoceptor - selective agonist

Used to promote relaxation in asthma

18
Q

What three body parts are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system only?

A

Blood vessels
Liver
Adrenal medulla

19
Q

How can you tell the difference between thyroxicosis and anxiety?

A

Thyroxicosis - warm and sweaty

Anxiety - cold and clammy

20
Q

What is thyroxicosis?

A

Excessive thyroid hormones in the body.

Upregulate the number of adrenoceptors in the body, can cause high BP.

21
Q

What is asthma?

A

An inflammatory disease.
High number of eosinophils (WBC0 gather in the lungs causing inflammation
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness
Hyper secretion of mucus
Patients have increase sympathetic drive - more ACh, more mAChRs, more bronchoconstriction

22
Q

What treatments can be given for asthma and how do they work?

A

Relievers - bronchodilators e.g. Salbutamol - stimulate b2-adrenoceptors
Preventers - anti-inflammatory mediation

23
Q

What is the name of the system which regulates blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic system

Also controlled by the renin-angiotensin system

24
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin system?

A

If blood pressure and blood volume is low, kidney filtration (along with the liver, lungs and adrenal glands) drive back up the blood volume therefore blood pressure.

25
Q

What is considered normal blood pressure, hypertension and hypotension?

A

Normal 120/80
Hypertension 140/90
Hypotension 90/60

26
Q

Name four treatments that can be given for hypertension and how do they work.

A

ACE inhibitors - stop the renin-angiotensin system increasing blood volume. ACE is an enzyme released by the lungs to convert angiotensin to its active form.
Calcium blockers - reduce cardiac response
Diuretics - reduce blood volume therefore blood pressure
B-adrenoceptor blockers (beta blockers)- antagonists that reduce cardiac input and renin production.
A-adrenoceptor blockers - antagonists causing vasodilation

Pharmacology And Physiology (8 decks)

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