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Physiology Exam 2 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for autonomic nervous system

A

Visceral motor system

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2
Q

What kind of muscles to does somatic motor systems innervate?

A

skeletal muscles

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3
Q

What kind of muscles does the visceral motor system innervate?

A

Smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the visceral motor system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic and enteric division

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5
Q

Which special senses are considered somatic sensory?

A

hearing, equilibrium, vision and smell

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6
Q

Which special senses are considered visceral sensory?

A

taste

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7
Q

Which environments do motor neurons go to after they come out of the CNS? (for somatic and autonomic systems)

A

to the internal environment (ANS) or the external environment (somatic nervous system)

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8
Q

What is the enteric division of the ANS

A

it is a self contained system that deals with digestion

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9
Q

What is the function of the adrenergic neurons?

A

to synthesize and release NE (norepinepherine)

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10
Q

What is the function of cholinergic neurons?

A

to synthesize and release ACh

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11
Q

Which receptors are cholinergic?

A

Nicortinic and muscarinic

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12
Q

Where is the autonomic ganglion located?

A

In the PNS

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13
Q

Where is the preganglionic cell body located in the ANS ?

A

CNS

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14
Q

How many neurons are in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

2 (one pre and one post)

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15
Q

How many neurons are in the somatic NS?

A

1 (motor neuron)

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16
Q

What contains the adrenergic receptors?

A

smooth muscle and glands

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17
Q

What type of receptors are nicotic receptors and what does this mean?

A

They are ionotropic. This means that when Ach binds to that receptor, it directly alters the permeability of the muscles membrane.

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18
Q

What kind of receptors are cholinergic for the preganglion and post ganglionic neurons in the ANS?

A

The preganglion neuron releases ACh onto a nicotinic receptor on the soma of the postganglionic neuron. The post ganglionic neuron then releases ACh into the muscarinic receptor on the sweat glads (for sym) or smooth muscle and glands (for parasym).

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19
Q

What kind of receptors or muscarinic receptors?

A

metabotropic

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20
Q

Normally the post ganglionic neuron releases NE to the adrenergic receptors. What is the exception to this? And which division in the ANS is this in?

A

The post ganglion neuron can also release ACh to the muscarinic receptors in the sweat glands.

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21
Q

Which division has a longer pre ganglion neuron

A

The parasympathetic division has a longer pre ganglionic neuron and shorter post ganglionic neuron. This is because they only need to release ACh to their effector organs. Where as the postganglionic neurons for the sympathetic are longer because they need to release NE all throughout the body

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22
Q

What part of the spinal cord do both sensory somatic and sensory visceral synapse onto their interneurons

A

Dorsal horn. But the somatic sensory synapses on a more outer portion of the dorsal horn than does the visceral sensory

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23
Q

Somatic/visceral sensory synapses on the outermost/ innermost section of the dorsal and ventral horns/

A

Somatic sensory on the outermost, and visceral sensory on the innermost.

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24
Q

The interneurons of the viscera synapse onto the autonomic motor neurons in what part of the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horn

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25
Q

What does the motor end plate form?

A

the neuromuscular junction

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26
Q

How many somatic axons control 1 skeletal cell ?

A

1?

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27
Q

Is the skeletal muscle innervation tightly or loosely regulated?

A

tightly, has the motor end place and one axon controls 1 cell

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28
Q

Where on the visceral motor axon are NTs packaged into vesicles and released?

A

veracositis

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29
Q

How many smooth muscle cells are innervated by 1 axon? What does this allow for?

A

1 axon innervates multiple cells, this allows for coordination.

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30
Q

What happens when the sympathetic mobilizes the body for action?

A

pupils dilate, desire to run (emotional content), dry mouth, increased heart rate, shallow breaths. We fight for our life or flee.

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31
Q

What’s another name for the sympathetic system? why?

A

thoracolumbar system because the preganglionic neurons are largely housed in the thoracic and lumbar divisions of the spinal cord.

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32
Q

The sympathetic chain is also known as

A

The autonomic chain and the paravertebral chain.

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33
Q

The lumbar division of the spinal cord is responsible for innervating what (what part of the body)?

A

The lower parts of the body

34
Q

The adrenal gland is a very specialize ____ ganglion?

A

sympathetic

35
Q

Where is the adrenal glad located?

A

On top of the kidney

36
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glad?

A

medulla and cortex

37
Q

What kind of cells are in the adrenal medulla? Describe them

A

chromafin cells. They are modified neurons that lack axons. They are innervated by these preganglionic neurons.

38
Q

Preganglionic neurons in which region of the spinal cord stimulate the chromafin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

From T8-L1

39
Q

What do chromafin cells release when stimulated?

A

Epi or norepi

40
Q

The norepi or epi released from the chromfin cells are taken up by what in the adrenal medulla?

A

capillaries

41
Q

After the capillaries take up the epi/norepi, where does it go?

A

Throughout the whole body

42
Q

What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?

A

To wholy coordinate the body so that the entire body is prepared for mobilization.

43
Q

What does vasoconstriction lead to?

A

dry mouth

44
Q

Sympathetic innervation in the lungs causes what?

A

Vasodilation and braciodilation. That’s important because we want to be able to get as much air into our lungs as we can to support gas exchange.

45
Q

Sympathetic innervation in the stomach and intestines causes what?

A

we inhibit perastalis and we inhibit secretions from the GI tract.

46
Q

Sympathetic innervation on the ureter and bladder causes what?

A

relaxation of the bladder wall muscle, and contraction of the internal sphincters preventing the release of urine.

47
Q

What’s another name for the parasympatheric?

A

cerebrosacral/crainal sacral

48
Q

Do sym and parasym work together or separate?

A

They work together, but reciprocally. most organs receive dual innervation of sympathetic and parasym.

49
Q

parasym effect on the eye?

A

Construct pupils

50
Q

parasymp effect on salivary glands?

A

stimulate the secretion of saliva

51
Q

parasym affect on heart

A

reduce heart rate

52
Q

parasym effect on sweat glands

A

no effect

53
Q

parasym effect on bronchi

A

broncoconstriction and stimulates secretion from the bronchi.

54
Q

Parasym in GI tract

A

stimulates perastaltic and secretion from the epithelia cells. They are largely supportive of the digestive functions

55
Q

parasym in adrenal glands

A

none

56
Q

parasym in ureter and bladder

A

cause contraction of the bladder wall and and inhibit constriction of the internal sphincter allowing it to relax.

57
Q

Filling of the bladder is dominated by sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic–it allows the detrusor muscle to relax and to maintain contraction of that internal sphincter.

58
Q

Which muscle is constricted and which is contracted in order to empty the bladder?

A

The detrusor muscle constricts and the internal sphinctor relaxes

59
Q

Which receptor activation relaxes the detrusor muscle to fill the bladder

A

Beta2

60
Q

Which receptor activation contracts the internal sphincter to fill the bladder

A

Alpha1

61
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the bladder comes from which level of the spinal cord?

A

Lumbar (L1-L3)

62
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder comes form which level of the spinal cord?

A

Sacral (S2-S4)

63
Q

Sympathetic tone is directly proportional to what?

A

Vasomotor tone

64
Q

What is norepi packaged with inside the vesicle in a sympathetic veracosity? What kind of vesicle is this in?

A

ATP. It’s in a small clear vesicle

65
Q

Dense core vesicles in sympathetic axon varicosities are packed with what?

A

Neuropeptide Y

66
Q

What is the key to muscle contraction?

A

Elevating Ca

67
Q

What does curare do?

A

Blocks N1 and NMJ

68
Q

If you’re A-bungatotoxin sensitive are you homo or heterometic?

A

homometic

69
Q

Where are M1 receptors located?

A

secretory glands

70
Q

Where are M2 receptors?

A

Cardiac tissue

71
Q

Where are M3 receptors?

A

smooth muscle and glands

72
Q

Which inotropic receptor in a sympathetic axon is activated by ATP?

A

P2X

73
Q

Which receptor does neuropeptide Y activate ?

A

Y1 receptor

74
Q

What is the cotransmitter of Ach in paroxysm axon?

A

Vasoactive intenstinal peptide (VIP)

75
Q

Why can NO act presynaptically and post synaptically?

A

Because it’s diffusible and can easily pass through the plasma membrane.

76
Q

What synthesizes NO? and from where?

A

Neuronal NO synthase synthesizes NO from L-Arginine

77
Q

What is the effect of NO in the smooth muscle cells?

A

NO activates GC making cGMP which produces relaxation of the smooth muscle cells

78
Q

What is the effect on the muscles when there is a decrease in Ca

A

muscle relaxes

79
Q

What is the hypothalamus important for?

A

Homeostasis and regulation

80
Q

Which ventricle does the hypothalamus surround?

A

3rd ventricle

Physiology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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