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Physiology Test 2 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall function of the ANS?

A

Homeostasis via widespread and complementary actions on organ systems in response to sensory stimuli. Unconscious, involuntary.

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2
Q

Compare the ANS to the Somatic Motor System.

A

The ANS is involuntary vs. SMS is voluntary.
The ANS has diffuse projections vs. SMS specific projections.
The ANS is slow action vs. SMS rapid.
The ANS innervates smooth and cardiac muscle as well as gland cells vs. SMS skeletal muscle.
The ANS is disynaptic vs. SMS is monosynaptic.

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3
Q

What are the inputs to the preganglionic neurons?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract, other brainstem nuclei and the hypothalamus.

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4
Q

What inputs does the Nucleus of the solitary tract have to the preganglionic neurons. Where is it located?

A

In the brainstem. Conveys visceral sensory input.

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5
Q

What inputs do the other brainstem nuclei have to the preganglionic neurons?

A

Environmental stimuli.

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6
Q

What input does the hypothalamus (in forebrain) have to the preganglionic neurons?

A

Internal goals/states.

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7
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic (fight/flight), parasympathetic (rest/digest) and enteric (semi-autonomous control of digestion).

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8
Q

**Explain the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of pupil dilation.

A

Parasympathetic: Iris sphincter muscle.
Sympathetic: Dilator iridis muscle

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9
Q

Where to sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

A

In the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

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10
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

A

In the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.

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11
Q

Where are the ganglia located in sympathetic vs. parasympathetic.

A

Sympathetic located near the spinal cord vs. parasympathetic located near target organs.

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12
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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13
Q

What do neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes determine in ANS innervation?

A

Effects and timecourse.

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14
Q

What type of NT is in preganglionic nerves?

A

Acetylcholine. ACh.

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15
Q

What type of NT is in Postganglionic nerves?

A

Sympathetic: Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine. Parasympathetic: ACh.

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16
Q

What type of receptors does ACh use?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic.

17
Q

What type of receptors does NE use?

A

Alpha and Beta adrenergic.

18
Q

How do sympathomimetic drugs work and give an example.

A

Mimic sympathetic activation. Atropine, muscarinic antagonist.

19
Q

How to parasympathomimetic drugs work and give an example.

A

Mimic parasympathetic activation. Propranolol: Beta-adrenergic antagonist.

20
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation change modulate heart rate?

A

Increases blood pressure through the increase in heart rate and contractile force along with constriction of blood vessels.

21
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation modulate heart rate?

A

Decreases blood pressure through a decrease in heart rate and contractile force.

22
Q

What controls the heart rate and where is the control located?

A

Controlled by rate of action potentials in pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node.

23
Q

What is the intrinisc rate?

A

100 spikes (beats) per minute.

24
Q

What affects doe ACh and NE have on the heart rate?

A

ACh (parasympathetic) decreases, while NE (sympathetic) increases.

25
Q

What is the Baroreceptor reflex?

A

One of the body’s homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels. The baroreflex provides a rapid negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively causes the heart rate to decrease and also causing blood pressure to decrease. Decreased blood pressure decreases baroreflex activation and causes heart rate to increase and to restore blood pressure levels. Baroreceptors are located in the wall of internal carotid artery and in the aorta.

26
Q

What innervates the Adrenal medulla?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

27
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla release? What are the affects?

A

NE and Epinephrine into the blood stream. Widespread sympathomimetic effects. (Fight or flight.)

28
Q

What is the master controller of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus!

Physiology Test 2 (4 decks)

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