ANS

Question 0

Efferent Neurons

Answer 0

Cause and “effect”, carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors

Question 1

Afferent Neurons

Answer 1

Influence, carry impulses from sense organs/receptors TOWARDS the CNS
-important in reflex regulation

Question 2

Somatic NS

Answer 2

Voluntary functions

Question 3

Autonomic NS

Answer 3

Involuntary functions such as smooth muscle of viscera, heart, vasculature

Question 4

Preganglionic neuron

Answer 4

-cell body is within the CNS

Question 5

Ganglion

Answer 5

-relay stations

Question 6

Postganglionic Neuron

Answer 6

-originates in ganglion and terminates on effector organs (smooth muscle of viscera, heart, vasculature, exocrine glands)

Question 7

Parasympathetic Neurons

Answer 7

• Originate from cranial (3,7,9,10) and sacral areas
• preganglionic neurons are LONG compared to post-
• little/no branching (most of the time, one to one connection)
• discrete response

Question 8

Sympathetic Neurons

Answer 8

• originate from thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
• preganglionic neurons are SHORT compared to post-
• highly branched
• activates numerous effector organs at the same time
• diffuse

Question 9

Parasympathetic System

Answer 9

• rest and digest: maintains essential body functions and is required for life
• protects the eye/accommodation (miosis, lacrimation), protects the heart (bradycardia), protects the respiratory system (bronchoconstriction, bronchosecretion), aids in digestion (salivation {watery}, peristalsis, gastric acid secretion), aids in urination, defecation, procreation (erection)

Question 10

Sympathetic System

Answer 10

• fight or flight; used to adjust body to stressful situations but is not needed for life
• increase HR and BP, mobilizes energy stores, increases blood flow from skin and internal organs to skeletal muscles and heart, dilation of pupils and bronchioles, procreation (ejaculation, relaxation of uterus), secretion of renin (kidney) and Epi/NE (adrenal medulla), decreased GI/UT, salivary glands (thick viscous secretions)

Question 11

Baroreceptor Reflex

Answer 11

Drop in blood pressure causes a:

• decease in parasympathetic outflow (increasing HR)
• increase in sympathetic outflow (increasing HR, VR, CF, TPR)

Present in carotids, vena cava, aortic arch

Question 12

Light reflex

Answer 12

Protection of retina from bright light
-increased parasympathetic outflow (miosis)
-decreased sympathetic outflow (miosis)
Accommodation for near vision
-increased parasympathetic outflow

Question 13

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 13

• located in the preganglionic synapses, not important pharmacologically
• cholinergic receptor

Question 14

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 14

• located at the postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic system and in the sweat glands of the sympathetic system
• cholinergic receptor
• M1: gastric parietal cells, M2: cardiac and smooth muscle, M3: bladder, exocrine glands, smooth muscle

Question 15

Alpha receptors

Answer 15

alpha 1: smooth muscle- excitatory
-vasoconstriction, increases TPR and BP, mydriasis

alpha 2: Presynaptic/CNS
-inhibition of NE and insulin release

Question 16

Beta receptors

Answer 16

Beta 1: heart (excitatory), kidney innervated
-tachycardia, increased lipolysis, increased myocardial contractility
Beta 2: smooth muscle/heart - inhibitory/excitatory, not innervated
-vasodilation, decreased TPR, bronchodilation, increased release of glucagon, increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis
Beta 3: metabolic, lipolysis