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Physiology 2nd Midterm > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system ?

A

Nervous system that controls many involuntary functions of the body

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2
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system a part of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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3
Q

True or false
ANS effects organs which are under voluntary control

A

False

Involuntary control

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4
Q

True or false
The ANS is important for maintaining homeostasis

A

True

Because it controls organs that participate in homeostatic control

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5
Q

What are the usual effectors of ANS?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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6
Q

True or false
Skeletal muscles are effectors of the ANS

A

False

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7
Q

What is the difference between the somatic motor reflex and the autonomic motor reflex ?

A

In the efferent pathway:
Somatic reflex has ONE set of neurons
Autonomic reflex has TWO sets of neurons (pre + post)

Also autonomic reflex consists of an autonomic ganglion !!

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8
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic division (craniosacral)

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9
Q

The thoracolumbar division of the ANS is also called

A

Sympathetic division

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10
Q

The craniosacral division of the ANS is also called

A

Parasympathetic division

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11
Q

In the sympathetic division, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are from ________________ + _____________

A

THORACIC spinal cord + LUMBAR spinal cord

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12
Q

In the parasympathetic division, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are from ________________ + _____________

A

BRAIN + SACRAL spinal cord

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13
Q

What is sympathetic chain and what is its importance ? (Picture is important for understanding)

A

Preganglionic neurons synapse at the sympathetic chain ganglia with postganglionic neuron

NOTE:⚠️

  • Splanchnic nerves: preganglionic neurons enters and leaves the sympathetic chain ganglion WITHOUT synapsing in it. It synapses at different ganglions with postganglionic neurons.
  • Adrenal medulla are innervated directly by PREganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system
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14
Q

Which is supplied directly by preganglionic fibers?
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Liver
C. Spleen
D. Adrenal medulla

A

D. Adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Most important nerve in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

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16
Q

Vagus nerve runs with ____________ artery and branches everywhere.

A

Carotid

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17
Q

Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic : where do the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers synapse ?

A

Sympathetic: synapse occurs outside of organ
- preganglionic : OUTSIDE of organ
- postganglionic: OUTSIDE of organ

Parasympathetic: synapse occurs at organ
- preganglionic : OUTSIDE of organ
- postganglionic: INSIDE of organ

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18
Q

what do you understand from this picture

A

1- Adrenal medulla is responsible for making epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) , which both play a role in the body’s fight or flight.

2- Adrenal medulla is innervated DIRECTLY from PREganglionic fibers

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19
Q

True or false
Every organ is innervated by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

False

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20
Q

What are some of the organs that are innervated by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

Heart
Digestive tract
Pupil of eye
Salivary glands

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21
Q

What are some of the organs that are innervated by ONLY sympathetic innervation

A

Adrenal medulla
Sweat glands
Most blood vessels

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22
Q

Which ANS system prepares the body for Fight/Flight (activity)

A

Sympathetic system

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23
Q

Excitation of sympathetic centers will cause :

A
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24
Q

Excitation of parasympathetic centers will cause :

A
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25
Q

PNS or SNS

A

SNS

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26
Q

PNS or SNS

A

PNS

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27
Q

ANS can have both positive and negative effects on its effector organs. Why?

A

Because both PNS and SNS continuously transmit action potentials (signals) at low rate through their nerve fibers

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28
Q

Explain this image

A

Blood vessels are normally kept at a certain diameter due to LOW rate firing from the sympathetic fibers = normal blood flow

However, if the rate increases and now we have a HIGHER firing rate from the sympathetic fibers, the diameter of the blood vessels decreases = VASOCONSTRICTION = REDUCED blood flow

If we STOP the firing from the sympathies fibers, the diameter of blood vessels increase = VASODILATION = increases blood flow to organ

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29
Q

Which causes vasodilation?
A. High firing rate of SNS
B. Low firing rate of SNS
C. No firing of SNS

A

C. No firing of SNS

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30
Q

Examples of sympathetic system in action

A

Blood flow to muscle in exercise
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels of all organs except heart and brain

Liver
- stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose), releasing glucose into the blood to provide muscles with energy

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31
Q

Examples of parasympathetic system in action

A

GI tract
- causes increased blood flow, motility and secretion of GI tract

Heart and lungs
- reduces heart rate and contracts air tubes (bronchioles) in lung

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32
Q

Which of the following not an action of the PNS?
A. Reduce heart rate
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Increased GI blood flow
D. Bronchiole constriction

A

B. Glycogenolysis

33
Q

neurotransmitters of the ANS

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  3. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC)
34
Q

Transmission of signals using acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter is said to be ____________________.

A

Cholinergic

35
Q

Transmission of signals using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as the neurotransmitter is said to be ____________________.

A

Adrenergic

36
Q

Acetylcholine is released by:

A
  • ALL preganglionic fibers (SNS and PNS)
  • MOST parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
  • SOME sympathetic postganglionic fibers
37
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is released by:

A

MOST sympathetic postganglionic fibers

38
Q

What are some non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters

A

ATP
VIP
NO

(But NOT acetylcholine or norepinephrine)

39
Q

Fill in the neurotransmitters

A
40
Q

We said that
- ALL sympathetic PREganglionic fibers release ACh.
- MOST sympathetic POSTganglionic fibers release NE.

HOWEVER, SOME sympathetic POSTganglionic fibers release ACh !! What do these fibers innervate?

A
41
Q

What effect is seen there is both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

A

Antagonistic effect

42
Q

Example of antagonistic effect?

A

SNS increases heart rate
PNS reduces heart rate

43
Q

NE causes excitation to some tissues while it inhibits other tissues. Why?

A

Due to the presence of different receptors

44
Q

Two types of adrenergic receptors

A

α - adrenergic receptors
β - adrenergic receptors

45
Q

Two types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nicotinic
Muscularinic

46
Q

What happens when NE binds to α-receptor

A

Increase in cytoplasmic calcium Ca++ levels

47
Q

What is the second messenger of α-receptor?

A

Calcium

48
Q

What happens when NE binds to β-receptor?

A

Production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

49
Q

What is the second messenger of β- receptor?

A

cAMP

50
Q

(Idk if important)
Stimulation of α - adrenergic receptors causes what physiological effect?

A

Vasoconstriction in viscera and skin

51
Q

(Idk if important)
Stimulation of β - adrenergic receptors causes what physiological effect?

A

Increased heart rate and contractility

52
Q

Which acetylcholine receptor is found at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers 

A

Nicotinic Receptors

53
Q

What kind of receptor is a nicotinic receptor

A

Ligand gated

54
Q

What occurs as a result of simulation of nicotinic receptors by acetylcholine

A

Excitation (Due to depolarization )

55
Q

Nicotinic receptors have __________________ effect

A

Excitatory

56
Q

What type of receptor is muscarinic receptors]

A

G–protein-coupled receptors

57
Q

Muscarinic receptors have __________________ effect and __________________ effect

A

Excitatory and inhibitory effects

58
Q

Muscarinic receptors have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When does each occur

A

Inhibition:
- Hyperpolarization
- K+ channels opened

Excitation:
- Depolarization
- K+ channels closed

59
Q

Which muscarinic receptor effect causes reduced heart rate

A

Inhibition (hyperpolarization)

60
Q

Which muscarinic receptor effect causes increased heart rate

A

Excitation (depolarization)

61
Q

Which part of the brain contains control centers for cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive , digestive systems?

A

Medulla oblongata 

62
Q

The brain stem, specifically the medulla oblongata and pons, mainly control ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ and _____________________

A

Vascular system and respiration

63
Q

What parts of the brain stem control vascular system and respiration

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

64
Q

What is controlled by the hypothalamus

A

Cardiovascular system
Body temperature
Body water secretion of ADH and signals to initiate thirst
Feeding (hunger and satiety centers)
Excitement and rage
Endocrine function

65
Q

What is the role of the POSTERIOR hypothalamus on the cardiovascular system

A

Increases in blood pressure and heart rate

66
Q

What is the role of the ANTERIOR hypothalamus on the cardiovascular system

A

Decreases in blood pressure and heart rate

67
Q

What part of the hypothalamus detects changes in blood temperature and causes several mechanisms for temperature regulation

A

ANTERIOR hypothalamus

68
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is responsible for excitement and rage

A

Perifornical nucleus

69
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What type of sensory receptor is in the lung

A

Stress receptor

70
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What reflex occurs when lung stretch receptor is stimulated

A

Inhalation is inhibited
And heart rate increases

71
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What type of sensory receptors are in the aorta

A

Chemoreceptor
Baroreceptor

72
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What type of sensory receptor is in the heart

A

Stretch receptor

73
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What type of sensory receptor is in the GI tract

A

Stress receptor

74
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What reflex occurs when aorta chemoreceptors are stimulated

A

Increase breathing and heart rate

75
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What reflex occurs when Aorta baroreceptors are stimulated

A

Decrease in heart rate

76
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What reflex occurs when heart stretch receptor is stimulated

A

Increase volume of urine excretion
Decrease in heart rate

77
Q

Reflex effects of sensory inputs to brain centers:
What reflex occurs when GI stretch receptor is stimulated

A

Feeling of satiety 

78
Q

Make sure you know this all

A

👍🏻

Physiology 2nd Midterm (7 decks)

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