Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SEE Prep > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main effector enzymes of the GPCR alpha subunit?

A

Phospholipase C
Phospholipase A2
Adenylyl Cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase?

A

Converts ATP to cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What effect does Gs and Gi have on adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gs increases cAMP production
Gi decreases cAMP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of phospholipase C?

A

Effector enzyme that converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of IP3?

A

Binds to calcium channels on the ER, causing calcium release into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of DAG?

A

Docking site and activator of protein kinase c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of phospholipase A2?

A

Calcium dependent enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arachidonic is the precursor to three families of lipid signaling molecules:

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
CYP450s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Prostanoids, Leukotrienes, HETEs and ETEs
They’re second messengers that leave the cell and go to target receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cAMP activates _____
DAG activates _____
IP3 activates ______

A

cAMP: Phosphokinase A
DAG: Phosphokinase C
IP3: Calcium release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

7 transmembrane-spanning receptors coupled to GPCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What changes in ion channels are excitatory?

A

Na Influx
Ca Influx
Reduced K Leak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What changes in ion channels are inhibitory?

A

Cl influx
Increased K Leak
Closure of Ca Channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does magnesium cause weakness and potentiate neuromuscular blockade?

A

It antagonizes calcium in the presynaptic nerve terminal, reducing ACh release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

NMJ
Autonomic Ganglia
Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla
CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are Nicotinic M receptors found?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are Nicotinic N receptors found?

A

Autonomic Ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are M1 receptors found?

A

Autonomic Ganglia: Excitatory Response

CNS: arousal, attention, analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are M2 receptors found?

A

Cardiac nodal tissue and cardiac muscle: decreased HR and contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are M3 receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle and GI (salivation, contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are M4 receptors found?

A

Presynaptic autoregulation (suppresses Ach release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are M5 receptors found?

A

CNS: dopamine release, dilation of cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are nicotinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Ionotropic: they open ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are muscarinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

Metabotropic. They act through GPCRs

26
Q

_______ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

glutamate

27
Q

______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

28
Q

______ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brain stem

A

Glycine

29
Q

How does glutamate cross the BBB>

A

It doesn’t. It has to be synthesized in the brain
The brain can convert GABA into glutamate using Krebbs!

30
Q

The NMDAR has three safety locks:

A

Voltage Dependence (created by AMPAR)
Two glutamate bindings
Two glycine bindings

31
Q

GABA a receptors are ______ channels

A

ligand gated Cl channels

32
Q

Which neurotransmitters are amino acids?

A

Glycine
Glutamate
GABA

33
Q

Which neurotransmitters are Amines?

A

The catecholamines
Serotonin
Histamine

34
Q

All catecholamines are synthesized from ______

A

tyrosine

35
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from ________

A

Tryptophan

36
Q

Histamine is synthesized from _______

A

Histadine

37
Q

Catecholamine metabolism is accomplished by two enzymes:

A

MAO
COMT

38
Q

What is the end product of catecholamine metabolism?

A

VMA
Vanillymandelic Acid

39
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Necrosis is accidental and unregulated. Apoptosis is regulated and programmed.

40
Q

What kind of receptors are cardiac beta1 receptors?

A

GPCRs - Adenylyl Cyclase

41
Q

Do opioids exert their effects on presynaptic or postsynaptic receptors?

A

BOTH! Block voltage gated Ca channels Pre
Inhibits Adenylyl Cylcase post

42
Q

What are phosphodiesterases?

A

Enzymes that break phosphodiester bonds, which are found in cGMP and cAMP (among many other places)

43
Q

Why are phosphodiesterases used pharmacologically?

A

THey’re the only substances that break down cGMP and cAMP

44
Q

What are PDE3 inhibitors?

A

MILRINONE

Inhibit phosphodiesterase 3, which is found in cardiac muscle, vascular muscle, placental tissue

Nonselective cAMP and cGMP

45
Q

What are PDE 5 Inhibitors?

A

SILDENAFIL (and all the other -fils)

Selective cGMP

46
Q

What are PDE 4 Inhibitors?

A

ROFLUMILAST

Modulates B2 activity in bronchial smooth muscle

47
Q

Pupillary constriction is called:

A

Miosis

48
Q

Pupillary dilation is called:

A

Midriasis

49
Q

Which parasympathetic receptors are found in the lung?

A

M3. Cause bronchoconstriction.

50
Q

Which parasympathetic receptors are found in the heart?

A

M2. Cause negative inotropy and chronotropy.

51
Q

Which parasympathetic receptor causes miosis?

A

M3

52
Q

Which sympathetic receptor causes midriasis?

A

Alpha 1

53
Q

Alpha 2 stimulation causes:

A

Decreased SNS Tone
Antishivering
Decreased insulin release, leading to hyperglycemia
Promotes platelet aggregation

54
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors found?

A
55
Q

Why does precedex cause transient hypertension?

A

Stimulates POST synaptic alpha 2 receptors in the periphery, leading to vasoconstriction and HTN

56
Q

What effect does increased cAMP have in the myocardium?

A

Increased calcium and force of contraction

57
Q

What effect does increased cAMP have in the vasculature

A

Inhibits myosin light chain kinase, causing vasodilation and decreased SVR

58
Q

Which LA inhibits NE reuptake at the synaptic junction?

A

Cocaine

59
Q

What receptor types are present at all ganglia?

A

Nicotinic N (N is for neuron)

60
Q

All preganglionic nerves are _______ fibers

A

Myelinated B Fibers

61
Q

SNS preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord via the:
And enter the sympathetic chain via the:

A

ventral horn
white ramus (it’s white because it’s myelinated)

SEE Prep (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions