ANS 1

Question 1

ANS

Answer 1

The ANS regulates visceral activities normally outside the realm of consciousness and voluntary control.

Question 2

CONSCIOUSNESS

Answer 2

Separation of outside world and self, and simulation;
 Simulation: “The trouble with overt trial is that it takes time and energy. The trouble with overt error is that it is often fatal. Simulation is both safer and faster.”
 “Perhaps consciousness arises when the brain’s simulation of the world becomes so complete that it must include a model of itself.”

Question 3

What structure(s) / mechanism(s) is/are necessary to achieve a precise control of visceral organ activities?

Answer 3

Sympathetic system
fight-or-flight response
Exceptions:
•Most blood vessels •Most sweat glands •Salivary glands

Parasympathetic system
Quiet, relaxed situation

Question 4

Sympathetic dominance

Answer 4

 IncreasedCO(HRxSV)
 Generalisedvasoconstriction
 Vasodilationofbloodvesselssupplying skeletal muscles
 Increased blood pressure
 Airwaydilation
 Pupildilation(farvision)
 Glycogenolysis
 Increasedsweating
 Inhibition of urinary and digestive activities

Question 5

Parasympathetic dominance

Answer 5

‘general housekeeping’ activities:
 Increased urinary activity
 Increased digestive activity (eg insulin secretion, increased motility of digestive tract)
 Stimulation of mucus production in airways
 Sex?

Question 6

HEART:

Answer 6

SYMP.
HEART: INCREASE HR, ↑ force of contraction
par: ↓ HR, ↓ force of contraction (atrium)

Question 7

Blood vessels

Answer 7

sy: constriction
par: Dilation (penis & clitoris only)

Question 8

Lungs

Answer 8

sy: Dilation of airways
pa: constriction of airways

Question 9

Digestive Tract

Answer 9

s: ↓ motility Contraction of sphincters
p: ↑ motility
Relaxation of sphincters ↑ digestive secretion

Question 10

Gallbladder

and urinary tract

Answer 10

s: relaxation
p: Contraction (emptying)

Question 11

eye

Answer 11

s: dilation
p: Constriction of pupil

Question 12

liver

Answer 12

s: Glycogenolysis
p: None

Question 13

adipose cells

Answer 13

s: Lipolysis
p: None

Question 14

genitals

Answer 14

s: Ejaculation and orgasmic contraction
p: Erection (penis and clitoris)

Question 15

brain activity

Answer 15

s: ↑ alertness
p: none

Question 16

Exocrine Glands
exocrine pancreas sweat glands
salivary glands

Answer 16

S: ↓ secretion
↑ secretion (most sweat glands)
Small volume of thick saliva

P:↑ secretion
↑ secretion (some
sweat glands)
Large volume of watery saliva

Question 17

Endocrine Glands

• endocrine pancreas
• Adrenal medulla

Answer 17

S: Adrenaline & and Noradrenaline
↓ insulin

P: None
↑ insulin and glucagon

Question 18

Adrenal medulla

Answer 18

Adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that, on stimulation by the preganglionic fibre, secretes hormones into the blood.

Question 19

ANS

Answer 19

preganglionic fibres
s: short - noradrenaline 
P: long - ACH
postganglionic fibres
S - long and 
P: short - ACH