ANPT 433 Exam 1 Flashcards by Emma Jones | Brainscape

Q

Ruminants?

A

Cud-chewing, even-toed ungulates of the Sub-order Ruminantia.

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Q

Four compartments of the ruminant stomach?

A

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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Q

what does even toed mean?

A

they have 2 toes

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Q

Subclass for ruminants?

A

Ungulata

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Q

Order for ruminants?

A

Order for ruminants?

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Q

what side is the rumen on?

A

left side

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Q

what happens if the rumen isn’t moving?

A

the animal isn’t ruminating which is bad for them

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Q

abomasum

A

organ that has gastric juices to digest food.

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Q

why is the abomasum so big in young animals?

A

so they can digest milk

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Q

major domesticated ruminant species

A

cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, reindeer, and yak

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Q

what are microbes?

A

microorganisms in the stomach

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Q

microbes purpose?

A

microbes (bacteria, protozoa, etc.) in the rumen, ferment feed (grass, concentrate, etc.) carbohydrates

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Q

VFA’s?

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

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Q

what provides energy for the ruminant animal?

A

VFA’s

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Q

classes of ruminants

A

concentrate selectors, intermediate feeders, roughage grazers

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Q

what would concentrate selectors eat?

A

something that has a high amt of glucose

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Q

Concentrate selecting species properties?

A

small rumens, poorly developed omasums, large livers, and limited ability to digest fiber

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Q

why do concentrate selectors have a limited ability to digest fiber?

A

the fiber concentrates

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Q

Classes of concentrate selectors?

A

fruit and forage selectors and tree and shrub browsers

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Q

list an advantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

make better use of alternative nutrients such as cellulose and nonprotein nitrogen

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Q

list an advantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

ability to detoxify some poisonous compounds such as oxalates, cyanide, and alkaloids.

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Q

list an advantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

more effective use of fermentation end-products including volatile fatty acids, microbial protein, and B vitamins.

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Q

list an advantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

decrease in handling undigested residues

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Q

list an advantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

in wild animals it allows animals to eat and run

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Q

a disadvantage of pre-gastric fermentation?

A

fermentation is inefficient there is a loss of energy specifically methane and heat of fermentation.

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Q

what are ruminants susceptible to?

A

ketosis and toxins produced by rumen microbes

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Q

what are nitrates converted to?

A

nitrites

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Q

what is urea converted to?

A

ammonia

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Q

what are nonstructural carbs converted to?

A

lactic acid

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Q

what are tryptophan converted to?

A

3-methyl indole

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Q

what are isoflavonoid estrogens converted to?

A

estrogen

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Q

what are coumestans?

A

oxidation products of pterocarpan that are similar to coumarin

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Q

where are coumestans found?

A

in plants such as split peas, pint beans, and alfalfa.

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Q

what is the difference between the upper and lower jar?

A

the upper jar is wider than the lower jaw

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Q

how do ruminants chew?

A

ruminants chew in a lateral (grinding) motion on one side of mouth at a time.

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Q

what’s the purpose of lip appendages?

A

help grab onto grass and hay

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Q

ruminants (mature cattle) have a strong preference for?

A

sweet and salty

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Q

what is believed to be true about taste and smell?

A

taste is primarily used for food avoidance by grazing species while concentrate selecting species select on the basis of smell

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Q

what is the pharynx for?

A

involved in rumination and erucation

Q

what is the soft palate for?

A

important for swallowing

Q

monogastric?

A

1 stomach

Q

difference between a ruminant and monogastric esophagus?

A

circular and longitudinal muscles are striated muscle along the entire length, provides greater strength and allows some voluntary control. its also funnel shaped and positioned between the lungs.

Q

what is the mucous membrane is comprised of?

A

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Q

what is the esophagus used for?

A

how they move food back and forth from the rumen

Q

why is vit.B important in the rumen?

A

it functions like an enzyme for energy transport. No vitamin B = no energy metabolism

Q

what happens when microorganisms go through the abomasum?

A

they become single-celled proteins

Q

what does the breakdown of fiber or cellulose convert to?

A

VFA’s which are absorbed through the rumen wall and provide up to 75% of the ruminant animals energy.

Q

folds in the rumen?

A

areas of tissue dividing the reticulum and rumen into different compartments

Q

rumen function?

A

mixing and particle sorting; prevent fluid from reaching the cardia during erucation

Q

pillars in the rumen?

A

highly muscled areas of the rumen that form grooves on the outside of the rumen, contain blood vessels, lymph, nerves, and its function are contractions.

Q

papillae?

A

finger-like structures covering the rumen wall and they increase the surface area of the rumen

Q

non-secretory stratified epithelium?

A

covers walls of reticulum, rumen, and omasum

Q

layers of non-secretory epithelium?

A

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosom, and corneum.

Q

what layer of the non-secretory epithelium is the strongest?

A

the stratum corneum is the hard layer because it is exposed to bacteria

Q

Parakeratosis?

A

occurs in ruminants fed high grain diets for relatively long periods

Q

symptoms of parakeratosis?

A

thickening of horny layer (hyperkeratosis), incomplete keratinization, absence of the stratum granulosum, bad on papillae, and bacteria

Q

what happens during the absence of stratum granulosum?

A

cells are destroyed

Q

what effect does low concentration of butyrate have on the rumen epithelium?

A

metabolized to ketones in the epithelium causing anoxia, stimulating blood flow, increasing insulin concentration, and increasing normal epithelial growth.

Q

what effect does high concentration of butyrate have on the rumen epithelium?

A

increases insulin concentration stimulated DNA synthesis, inhibits mitosis, and incomplete maturation of epithelium.

Q

what supplies blood to the rumen?

A

abdominal aorta, celiac-mesenteric trunk, and arteries

Q

what drains blood from the rumen?

A

veins: reticular, right ruminal, left ruminal, and omasal-abomasal, portal vein and liver

Q

factors increasing blood flow to the rumen?

A

carbon dioxide in epithelium, vfa’s, feeding and sight or smell of feed (slight)

Q

vagus nerve?

A

provides sensory to the rumen an involved in both sensory and motor pathways; controls contractions of reticulum and rumen, rumination, and reflex of reticular groove

Q

Omasum?

A

lies to the right of the rumen; round organ containing 100-150 flat parallel sheets (laminae) covered with conical papillae

Q

what do fold in the omasum help?

A

increasing the surface area for the absorption of the water in the omasum.

Q

function of the omasum?

A

filter large particles,vfa absorption, big fermentation bag of water, microbes, and feed

Q

expected pH in rumen?

A

5.5-6

Q

regions of the abomasum?

A

cardiac, pyloric, fundic, and epithelial

Q

fundic region?

A

contains gastric glands lined with secretory columnar epithelium

Q

pyloric region?

A

stratified squamous epithelium and secretes mucous

Q

chief cells?

A

secrete pepsinogen

Q

parietal cells?

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

Q

displaced abomasum in cattle?

A

the abomasum or true stomach normally lies on the floor of the abdomen.

Q

displaced abomasum?

A

if filled with gas it will rise to the top of the abdomen.

Q

cause of displaced abomasum in cattle?

A

calving and atony of the abomasum

Q

how does calving caused a displaced abomasum?

A

during pregnancy the uterus displaces the abomasum so that after calving the abomasum has to move back to its normal position increasing the risk of displacement.

Q

how does atony of the abomasum in cattle?

A

if the abomasum stops contracting and turning over its contents, accumulation of gas will occur and the abomasum will tend to move up the abdomen.

Q

symptoms of displaced abomasum in cattle?

A

loss of appetite, drop in milk yield, reduced rumination, mild diarrhea

Q

how to treat a displaced abomasum in cattle?

A

replace the abomasum in its normal position, surgery, or rolling can be used in conjunction with adjusting.

Q

how to prevent displaced abomasum in cattle?

A

ensuring dry matter intake is maintained in early lactation, ensure cattle is not too fat during calving, feed high quality feeds with good forage, feed a total mixed ration, and ensure plenty of space at feeding sites.

Q

function of reticulorumen?

A

the main fermentation site of ruminants, delivers energy in the gorm of scfa’s for both the animal as well as the ruminal wall.

Q

rumen vs. lumen

A

the rumen is the organ and the lumen is the area where everything is happening (i,e. catabolism)

Q

innocuous?

A

there is no harm in it

Q

what type of environment does the reticulorumen provide?

A

a perfect environment for anaerobic (w/o) oxygen, for bacteria, protozoa, and fungi to break down plant fibre carbs to scfa’s, the major energy source for ruminants

Q

scfa’s produced in the rumen?

A

acetate, propionate, and butyrate in proportions roughly 70:20:10 respectively.

Q

how much of the scfa’s are absorbed?

A

around 50-80% of the scfa produced intraruminally are directly absorbed across the ruminal epithelium.

Q

another principal task of the reticuloruminal epithelium?

A

sustaining the barrier against potential noxious substances in the lumen.

Q

bacterial toxins in the rumen?

A

amines derived from silages (type of feed) or excessive amounts of SCFA

Q

what does the reticuloruminal epithelium do to protect the organism?

A

exert certain mechanisms to render the substances innocuous

Q

what is effective transport of fermentation products fundamental to maintain?

A

ruminal homeostasis, and thereby prevent acidosis, ruminal epithelial damage and thus intoxication of the whole animal

Q

why do dairy cattle diets often involve highly fermentable carbs?

A

to ensure animal performance and in the young calf this requires the development of the monogastric digestive system into a mature forestomach system.

Q

what caused an increased rumen size in calves?

A

changes of the microbiota and structural/functional transformation of the ruminal wall induced by solid feed intake instead of milk lead to an increased rumen size of growing calves accompanied by higher, wider, and denser ruminal papillae

Q

why is the chemical composition of the feed so important?

A

(usually concentrate in starter diets) seems to be crucial for the growth of ruminal papillae and epithelium

Q

what do scfa’s (butyrate and propionate) stimulate?

A

neonatal papillae growth including an increased epithelial cell proliferation leading to a thicker epithelial layer

Q

what did the in vivo/vitro studies show in the ruminal epithelium journal?

A

a high potential of the rumen wall to adjust to different feeding situations; whereas a reduction/deprivation in of feed leads to a dramatically diminished SCFA absorption across the epithelium within 2-5d increased amounts of feed or changes in feed composition seems to occur on the cellular as well as on an epithelial level.