Anphy Flashcards
(37 cards)
Gross anatomy
Large structures or parts of the body
Easily observable
Ex. skin, there is hair
Microscopic anatomy
Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope
Ex. sections of the skin and observe its layers like the epidermis (consisting of the epithelium) and dermis (consists of connective tissues)
Systemic physiology
Function of organs and organ system
Ex. function of the heart; blood flow, digestion, respiration
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
From atoms to molecules to biomolecules to cells (basic unit of life) to tissues to organs to an organ system to organisms
How many bones in skeleton
The skeleton consists of 206 bones
Axial bones no?
80
Appendicular no?
126
Muscular system
Consists of your muscles
It is for locomotion
It provides movement and generates body heat
The abdominal region is protected by several layers of muscles
Organization
Functional interrelationships between parts
All living things must consist of cells, tissues, atoms, molecules, etc.
Metabolism
energy to sustain organism
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
Includes both internal and external environments
Growth
Can increase in size
Increase in the size of cells, groups of cells, and extracellular materials
Development
Changes in form and size
Changes in cell structure and function form
Generalized to specialized - differentiation
Ex. development of secondary sex characteristics, or breasts for girls
HOMEOSTASIS
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
Main controlling system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three components:
Receptors - response to changes in stimuli(environment) / Gather information and send it to the brain
Control Center - Brain analyze information and give an appropriate response.
Effector - provides a means of response to the stimulus (organs or muscles that provide a response to stimulus)
Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanism
Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity once you got the balance
World like a household thermostat
Ex. kapag tataas ung body temp mo, papawisan ka
Summary: stimulus that is detected by the receptors (hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic) to the control center and to the effector
Positive feedback
The reaction happens in a faster way
Rare in the human body
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting (may net-like siya na covering–thrombin) and during the birth of a baby
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
A system composed of special terminology and symbols unique to the human body for us to better understand its concepts and principles and to avoid confusion and misunderstanding when referring to position, direction, regions, and body structures
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Refers to a standard or full-body position used to avoid confusion
Where the body is standing erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with the palm facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
Terminology refers to this position regardless of the actual body position
Supine
Nakahiga; When the subject is lying down with face up
Prone
Nakadapa; When the subject is lying face down
Superior (cranial or cephalic)
Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Ex. the nose is SUPERIOR to the mouth (since the nose is above the mouth)
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head or toward the lower part of the structure or body; below
Ex. the mouth is INFERIOR to the nose (since the mouth is below the nose)
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body, in front of
Ex. the breast is ANTERIOR to the spine (the breast is in front of the spine)
