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ANP Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the skeletal system

A

the entire framework of bones, their cartilages, joints, and ligaments

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2
Q

The adult skeleton contains how many bones

A

206

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3
Q

What are the two skeletal devisions bones are categorized by?

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80 bones

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5
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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6
Q

What types of bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage)

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7
Q

What types of bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

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8
Q

What are the 5 classified bone types?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

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9
Q

Long bones are longer than they are ____?

A

Wide

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10
Q

Most of the bones of the limbs are long bones. What are the long bones for the arm, leg and fingers/toes?

A

(arm) humerus, radius, and ulna; (leg) femur, tibia, and fibula; (fingers and toes) phalanges.

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11
Q

Why are long bones slightly curved?

A

For strength, so that the stress of the body’s weight is evenly distributed at several points.

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12
Q

Compact bone occurs at the ___ of long bones

A

surface, in the diaphysis or shaft region

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13
Q

The dilated extremities or epiphyses of the bone consist of ?

A

Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

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14
Q

What are short bones?

A

They are cube like in shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness

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15
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles.

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16
Q

What do short bones function

A

They provide stability and support as well as some limited motion

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17
Q

What are flat bones

A

Flat bones are typically thin, it is also often curved.

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18
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and
the ribs.

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19
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.

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20
Q

What are irregular bones

A

An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. They have complex shape.

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21
Q

Examples of irregular bone

A

The vertebrae that support the spinal cord and
protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as
irregular bones.

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22
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in
a joint.

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23
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Sesamoid bones vary in
number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands,
and knees.
The patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person

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24
Q

Function of sesamoid bones?

A

The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces.

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25
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Leverage

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26
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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27
Q

articulation

A

where two bone surfaces meet

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28
Q

bone

A

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the
structural elements of the skeleton

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29
Q

canaliculi

A

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the
bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many
cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate
and receive nutrients

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30
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the
skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth
surfaces support movement

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31
Q

central canal

A

longitudinal channel in the center of
each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian
canal

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32
Q

closed reduction

A

manual manipulation of a broken
bone to set it into its natural position without
surgery

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33
Q

compact bone

A

dense osseous tissue that can
withstand compressive forces

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34
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the
proximal and distal ends of a long bone

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35
Q

diploë

A

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched
between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

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36
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process in which bone
forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

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37
Q

endosteum

A

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s
medullary cavity

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38
Q

epiphyseal line

A

completely ossified remnant of the
epiphyseal plate

39
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline
cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone;
replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

40
Q

epiphysis

A

wide section at each end of a long bone;
filled with spongy bone and red marrow

41
Q

external callus

A

Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone
that forms around the outside of a fracture

42
Q

fracture

A

Broken Bone

43
Q

fracture hematoma

A

blood clot that forms at the site
of a broken bone

44
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells, which
occurs in the red marrow of the bones

45
Q

hole

A

opening or depression in a bone

46
Q

hypercalcemia

A

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

47
Q

internal callus

A

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

48
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

process by which
bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

49
Q

irregular bone

A

bone of complex shape; protects
internal organs from compressive forces

50
Q

lacunae

A

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that
house an osteocyte

51
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow region of the diaphysis;
filled with yellow marrow

52
Q

modeling

A

process, during bone growth, by which
bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and
deposited on another

53
Q

nutrient foramen

A

small opening in the middle of the
external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

54
Q

open reduction

A

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a
fracture

55
Q

orthopedist

A

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and
treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

56
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective
tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

57
Q

ossification

A

(also, osteogenesis) bone formation

58
Q

ossification center

A

cluster of osteoblasts found in the
early stages of intramembranous ossification

59
Q

osteoblast

A

cell responsible for forming new bone

60
Q

osteoclast

A

cell responsible for resorbing bone

61
Q

osteocyte

A

primary cell in mature bone; responsible
for maintaining the matrix

62
Q

osteogenic cell

A

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic
activity; the only bone cells that divide; they
differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

63
Q

osteoid

A

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by
osteoblasts

64
Q

osteon

A

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit
of compact bone; made of concentric layers of
calcified matrix

65
Q

osteoporosis

A

disease characterized by a decrease in
bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption
exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common
occurrence as the body ages

66
Q

perforating canal

A

(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel
that branches off from the central canal and houses
vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum
and endosteum

67
Q

perforating canal

A

(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel
that branches off from the central canal and houses
vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum
and endosteum

68
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane that covers cartilage

69
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering the outer
surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

70
Q

primary ossification center

A

region, deep in the
periosteal collar, where bone development starts
during endochondral ossification

71
Q

projection

A

bone markings where part of the surface
sticks out above the rest of the surface, where
tendons and ligaments attach

72
Q

proliferative zone

A

region of the epiphyseal plate that
makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die
at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

73
Q

red marrow

A

connective tissue in the interior cavity of
a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

74
Q

remodeling

A

process by which osteoclasts resorb old
or damaged bone at the same time as and on the
same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to
replace that which is resorbed

75
Q

reserve zone

A

region of the epiphyseal plate that
anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the
epiphysis

76
Q

secondary ossification center

A

region of bone
development in the epiphyses

77
Q

sesamoid bone

A

small, round bone embedded in a
tendon; protects the tendon from compressive
forces

78
Q

skeletal system

A

organ system composed of bones
and cartilage that provides for movement, support,
and protection

79
Q

spongy bone

A

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated
osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight
distribution

80
Q

trabeculae

A

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections
of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

81
Q

yellow marrow

A

connective tissue in the interior cavity
of a bone where fat is stored

82
Q

zone of calcified matrix

A

region of the epiphyseal
plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

83
Q

zone of calcified matrix

A

region of the epiphyseal
plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

84
Q

zone of maturation and hypertrophy

A

region of the
epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the
proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute
to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

85
Q

What are the 8 types of fractures ?

A

Closed, open, transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, oblique

86
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

87
Q

Oblique

A

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

88
Q

Spiral

A

Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

89
Q

Comminuted

A

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

90
Q

Impacted

A

One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression

91
Q

Greenstick

A

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

92
Q

Open (or
compound)

A

A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high
risk of infection

93
Q

Closed (or
simple)

A

A fracture in which the skin remains intact

Psych (2 decks)

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