ANP Skeletal System Flashcards
What makes up the skeletal system
the entire framework of bones, their cartilages, joints, and ligaments
The adult skeleton contains how many bones
206
What are the two skeletal devisions bones are categorized by?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
How many bones are in the axial skeleton
80 bones
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
What types of bones are in the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage)
What types of bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.
What are the 5 classified bone types?
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
Long bones are longer than they are ____?
Wide
Most of the bones of the limbs are long bones. What are the long bones for the arm, leg and fingers/toes?
(arm) humerus, radius, and ulna; (leg) femur, tibia, and fibula; (fingers and toes) phalanges.
Why are long bones slightly curved?
For strength, so that the stress of the body’s weight is evenly distributed at several points.
Compact bone occurs at the ___ of long bones
surface, in the diaphysis or shaft region
The dilated extremities or epiphyses of the bone consist of ?
Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
What are short bones?
They are cube like in shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness
Where are short bones found?
in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles.
What do short bones function
They provide stability and support as well as some limited motion
What are flat bones
Flat bones are typically thin, it is also often curved.
Examples of flat bones
cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and
the ribs.
What is the function of flat bones?
Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.
What are irregular bones
An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. They have complex shape.
Examples of irregular bone
The vertebrae that support the spinal cord and
protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as
irregular bones.
What are sesamoid bones?
A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in
a joint.
Examples of sesamoid bones
Sesamoid bones vary in
number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands,
and knees.
The patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person
Function of sesamoid bones?
The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces.
What is the function of long bones?
Leverage
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
articulation
where two bone surfaces meet
bone
hard, dense connective tissue that forms the
structural elements of the skeleton
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the
bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many
cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate
and receive nutrients
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the
skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth
surfaces support movement
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of
each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian
canal
closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken
bone to set it into its natural position without
surgery
compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can
withstand compressive forces
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the
proximal and distal ends of a long bone
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched
between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones
endochondral ossification
process in which bone
forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone’s
medullary cavity
epiphyseal line
completely ossified remnant of the
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline
cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone;
replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone;
filled with spongy bone and red marrow
external callus
Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone
that forms around the outside of a fracture
fracture
Broken Bone
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site
of a broken bone
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which
occurs in the red marrow of the bones
hole
opening or depression in a bone
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
intramembranous ossification
process by which
bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
irregular bone
bone of complex shape; protects
internal organs from compressive forces
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that
house an osteocyte
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis;
filled with yellow marrow
modeling
process, during bone growth, by which
bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and
deposited on another
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the
external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a
fracture
orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and
treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective
tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
ossification
(also, osteogenesis) bone formation
ossification center
cluster of osteoblasts found in the
early stages of intramembranous ossification
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible
for maintaining the matrix
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic
activity; the only bone cells that divide; they
differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by
osteoblasts
osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit
of compact bone; made of concentric layers of
calcified matrix
osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in
bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption
exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common
occurrence as the body ages
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel
that branches off from the central canal and houses
vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum
and endosteum
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel
that branches off from the central canal and houses
vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum
and endosteum
perichondrium
membrane that covers cartilage
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer
surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
primary ossification center
region, deep in the
periosteal collar, where bone development starts
during endochondral ossification
projection
bone markings where part of the surface
sticks out above the rest of the surface, where
tendons and ligaments attach
proliferative zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that
makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die
at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of
a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old
or damaged bone at the same time as and on the
same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to
replace that which is resorbed
reserve zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that
anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the
epiphysis
secondary ossification center
region of bone
development in the epiphyses
sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a
tendon; protects the tendon from compressive
forces
skeletal system
organ system composed of bones
and cartilage that provides for movement, support,
and protection
spongy bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated
osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight
distribution
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections
of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity
of a bone where fat is stored
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal
plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal
plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
region of the
epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the
proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute
to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
What are the 8 types of fractures ?
Closed, open, transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, oblique
Transverse fracture
Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
Oblique
Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
Spiral
Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
Comminuted
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
Impacted
One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
Greenstick
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
Open (or
compound)
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high
risk of infection
Closed (or
simple)
A fracture in which the skin remains intact
