ANP lecture 17, 18,19 Flashcards
observation of behavior is the core of the subfield of biological anthropology
primatology
most fundamental primate behavioral adaptation
sociality
started studying orangutans in the Indonesia part of Borneo in 1971
Birute Goldikas
started studying mountain gorillas in Rwanda in 1967
Dian Fossey
1960 went to Tanzania to study wild chimpanzees
Jane Goodall
- Allows many generations to be studies and their family histories to be well-documented
- good for studies of cognition and provides important stimulus
- the study group can be altered (New members introduced; variables changed)
- give researchers control of a study and makes it easier to use scientific method
captive studies
Animals are kept in highly unnatural settings, resulting in unnatural patterns of behavior
Leads to higher levels of:
aggression
sex
social affiliation/connection
Captive studies
very large enclosures
small islands
more natural behaviors observed
still have some control over the study
semi-free-ranging environment
habitat where species evolved
natural settings result in natural patterns of behavior
very little control over the study
field study
the tendency of an organism to stay in or return to a specific area
Philopatry
Females do not migrate at maturity
males typically migrate or leave group
female philopatry
Males remain in their birth home range throughout life and females migrate and join new groups
females will take on territorial defense
male philopatry
Haplorhines live in groups with one or more males and more than one female
polygyny
-Female and male territories will overlap
-males use scent-marking and variety of calls to communicate with one another and to warn intruders to stay out
-attempt to maintain exclusive access neighboring females
-Ex: Orangutans
Solitary
-When a male and female live in a pair bond for an extended period, perhaps years
-not necessarily strict reproductive monogamy
-sometimes mate secretly outside the pair bond
-Ex: Gibbons
Monogamy
-female primates hold territories and a single male will attach himself to the female
-for males this means the offspring are most likely their own
-low sexual dimorphism
Monogamous
Single male living with as many females as he can monopolize.
one-male polygyny
males not able to obtain females usually live either alone or in ______
all-male “bachelor” groups
males will have to allow other males to be part of the group but will maintain primary access to the females by being socially dominant. Allows Alpha male to maximize mating success while not having to chase off other males.
multi-male polygyny
when one female lives in a reproductive or social unit with multiple males. Only a few species of marmosets and tamarins exhibit this social system. ales bond together and help females to rear offspring.
polyandry
Type of primate Social groups: Solitary
orangutans
Type of primate Social groups: polygyny one-male
Gorillas
Type of primate Social groups: Monogamous
Gibbons
Type of primate Social groups: Polyandrous
Tamarinds
Type of primate Social groups: Polygyny multi male
chimps
High sexual dimorphism
polygynous groups
less sexual dimorphism
monogamous and solitary species
estrus
fertile
