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A&P > ANP III Exam 2 > Flashcards

ANP III Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Formation of primary germ layers

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

A spike of ____ causes the mucus plug to thin

A

Estrogen

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3
Q

Deposited sperm can not fertilize the oocyte because they lack _____

A

Capacitation

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4
Q

Acrosome contain ____

A

Digestive Enzymes

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5
Q

Sperm move towards the oocyte due to

A

chemotaxis

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6
Q

Sperm binding to zona pellucida triggers ______

A

Acrosomal Reaction

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7
Q

Several sperm penetrating the egg is called

A

Polyspermy

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8
Q

Exocytosis of cortical granules is called ____

A

corticol reactions

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9
Q

Shortly after fertilization ________ occurs

A

Meiosis II

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10
Q

Early blastomeres undergo rapid mitotic divisions called _____

A

Cleavage

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11
Q

Day three, a ball of 32 cells is called

A

morula

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12
Q

The outer most cells during cleavage are called

A

Trophoblast

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13
Q

trophoblast eventually make up ______

A

the Chorion and the placenta

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14
Q

Hollow ball of 100 cells is called

A

blastocyst

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15
Q

Inner cells of the blastocyst are called

A

inner cell mass

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16
Q

_____ cells secrete digestive enzymes and growth factor during implantation

A

syncytial trophoblast

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17
Q

syncytial trophoblast binds to what layer of the uterus

A

endometrium

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18
Q

What hormone stimulates the the corpus luteum to continue to secrete hormones

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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19
Q

Modern pregnancy test uses _____ to detect HCG

A

antibodies

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20
Q

Embryo implants in the wrong location

A

ectopic pregnancy

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21
Q

The layer of cells against the amniotic cavity are called

A

Epiblast

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22
Q

The layer of cells against the blastocoele are called

A

Hypoblast

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23
Q

Day 12 the epiblast migrate towards the middle causing the____

A

Primitive Streak

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24
Q

Cells that stop in-between epiblast and hypo blast become

A

Mesoderm

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25
Q

Cells that insert in the hypoblast become

A

endoderm

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26
Q

epiblast cells that do not relocate are called

A

ectoderm

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27
Q

gastrulation (3 germ layers) is called

A

triploblastic embryo

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28
Q

ability to develop into any type of cell is called

A

pleuripotent

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29
Q

Ectoderm cells create

A

Epidermis
neurons
pigment cells

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30
Q

Endoderm cells create

A

serous membranes
glands
lungs
parts of the urinary system

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31
Q

Mesoderm cells create

A

3 muscle type
bone
circulatory system
connective tissue

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32
Q

4 types of extraembryonic membranes are

A

Chorion
amnion
yolk sac
allantois

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33
Q

Chorion surrounds

A

embryo and all structures

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34
Q

Amnion surrounds

A

fluid filled sac around embryo

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35
Q

Yolk sac creates

A

blood cell formation

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36
Q

Allantois creates

A

blood vessels for umbilical cord

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37
Q

trophoblast cells turn into

A

chorionic villi

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38
Q

area furthest away from umbilical cord where chorionic villi degenerate

A

decidua capularis

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39
Q

the part of the uterus that has no contact with the chorion

A

decidua parietalis

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40
Q

active exchange area mother and fetus is

A

decidua basalis

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41
Q

chorion on the embryo side is

A

smooth and slick

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42
Q

chorion on the maternal side is

A

bumpy

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43
Q

umbilical consist of

A

2 arteries
1 vein
remnants of the allantois

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44
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin does

A

maintains uterine lining

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45
Q

human placental lactogen does

A

prepares mammary glands

46
Q

relaxin does

A

increases flexibility of pubic symphsis

dilates cervix

47
Q

antibodies passed from mother to embryo is an example of

A

passive immunity

48
Q

changes of cell shape, position and adhesion

A

morphogesis

49
Q

cells that migrate in between rows of cells are called

A

convergent extension

50
Q

_______ is the key factor directing migrating cells

A

extracellular matrix

51
Q

____ bind cells to other cells

A

cell adhesion molecules

52
Q

the ______ at the tip of the bud has cells grow proximal-distal

A

apical ectodermal ridge

53
Q

______ influences cells to grow into thumbs or fingers

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

54
Q

ZPA secretes _______ called ________

A

morphogen

sonic hedgehog

55
Q

formation of the notochord is an example of _______

A

induction

56
Q

notochord cells start when they dive under the

A

primitive streak

57
Q

cells on either side of the neural tube form

A

somites

58
Q

a fold in the neural crest creates the

A

neural tube

59
Q

the neural tube turns into the

A

CNS

60
Q

anterior sections of the neural tube develop into the

A

brain

61
Q

posterior sections of the neural tube develop into the

A

spinal cord

62
Q

failure to close of section 2 of the neural tube results in

A

anencephaly

63
Q

failure to close of section 5 of the neural tube results in

A

spinal befida

64
Q

the three swellings of anterior portion of the neural tube are

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

65
Q

the prosencephalon will become the

A

cerebrum

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

66
Q

the rhombencephalon will become

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata

67
Q

the rhombencephalon later divides into 7 parts that become the

A

jaw
middle ear
teeth
cranial nerves

68
Q

Mesoderm splits into what three layers

A

Lateral plate mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
unsegmented mesoderm

69
Q

lateral plate mesoderm develops into

A

abdominal and thoracic cavity
Walls of the GI
circulatory system

70
Q

Intermediate mesoderm develops into

A

Urogenital system

71
Q

unsegmented mesoderm develops into

A

dermis
skeletal muscle
connective tissue

72
Q

Somiteā€™s are developed from ______ mesoderm

A

unsegmented

73
Q

Each somite splits into what three regions

A

dermatome
myotome
sclerotome

74
Q

Dermatome develops into

A

dermis

75
Q

myotome develops into

A

skeletal muscle

76
Q

Sclerotome develops into

A

vertebrae

77
Q

Each myotome seperates into

A 
posterior section (back muscle)
anterior section (trunk and limb muscle)
78
Q

phase one of limb formation is

A

stylopod

humerus or femur

79
Q

Phase two in limb formation is

A

zeugopod

radius and ulna, (tibia, fibula)

80
Q

Phase three in limb formation is

A

autopod

metacarpals, metatarsals

81
Q

Early in development _____ ossification begins

A

endochondral

82
Q

webbed feet or hands is called

A

syndactyly

83
Q

Amelia is ______

A

absence of limbs

84
Q

Merolemia is _______

A

partial absence of limbs

85
Q

lobster claw is_____

A

failure of the middle diget to form

86
Q

talipes is _______

A

club foot

87
Q

The heart begins as paired blood vessels called

A

endocardial heart

88
Q

As the paired blood vessels swell the most cranial portion becomes the ____

A

Aortic arch

89
Q

As the paired blood vessels swell the middle portion becomes the ____

A

bolbus cordis

90
Q

As the paired blood vessels swell the posterior third half portion becomes the ____

A

ventricles

91
Q

As the paired blood vessels swell the bottom portion becomes the ____

A

sinus venosus

atrium

92
Q

the septum primum grows from the

A

dorsal wall

93
Q

The foremen ovale shunts blood from the ____ to _____

A

right to left atrium

94
Q

when does the formen ovale close

A

after birth

95
Q

simple congenital heart defects are

A

problems with the septa

96
Q

complex congenital heart defects are

A

combinations of septa and issues with the blood vessels

97
Q

Atrial septal defects are when blood flows from

A

left to right atrium

98
Q

cyanosis is

A

blueish green color of the skin

99
Q

ventricular septal defects are when blood

A

flows from left to right ventricles

100
Q

Incomplete opening of the valves

A

stenosis

101
Q

non opening valves

A

atresia

102
Q

valves that do not close completely

A

regurgitation

103
Q

The most common complex heart defect is

A

tetralogy of fallot

104
Q

blood vessel formation is called

A

vasculogenesis

105
Q

growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels is

A

angiogenesis

106
Q

intussusceptive angiogenesis is

A

transformation of spate vessels into capillary beds

107
Q

the foregut develops into the

A 
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
liver
pancreas
108
Q

the hindgut develops into the

A

transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

109
Q

the midgut develops into the

A 
duodenum 
jejumun 
ileum
appendix
ascending colon
110
Q

The stomach begins as a swelling in the

A

foregut

111
Q

The ____ grows faster then the _____ to give the stomach the ā€œJā€ shape

A

dorsal

ventral

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