AnP 2 Study Guide Flashcards
How would an increase in stroke volume affect blood pressure and why?
Increase in blood pressure, because more blood is being pumped into the arteries
how would a decrease in cardiac output affect blood pressure
decrease in blood pressure
how would an increase in viscosity of the blood affect blood pressure
increase in pressure
how would a decrease in blood vessel length affect blood pressure
increase in blood pressure
How would vasoconstriction of the blood vessels affect the blood pressure and why?
increase in bp and because the blood vessels narrow making the resistace increase making it harder for the blood to flow through
how would an increase in heart rate affect blood pressure
increase in bp because it pumps more blood per min
how would a decrease in blood volume affect blood pressure
decrease in bp
how would increased radius of a vessel affect blood preassure
radius increases bp as it increases
systolic pressure
pressure on the artrrial walls as the ventricles contract, (120 mmHg)
diastolic presure
pressure on arterial walls when ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure, (80 mmHg).
pulse pressure, where is it highest and lowest?
The additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when it is contracting, is Highest in the arteries closest to the heart, lowest in the lower extremities. (systolic-diastolic)
Explain how capillary bp differs on the arterial end vs the venous end
arterial - filtration (+10 mmHg)
mid capilarry- no movement (0 mmHG)
venous- reabsorption (-7 mmHg)
What mechanisms are in place to assist blood flow through the venous circulation, and how do they work
venous valves, one way valves that prevent blood flowing backwards
What do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors detect in the blood?
baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptors detect changes in blood composition (CO2, pH, O2)
Formed elements in blood
red blood cells
white blood cells-
platelets-
what are erythrocytes
red blood cells and they transport O2 and CO2
What are leukocytes
white blood cells/ defend agains harmful substances
what are thrombocytes
platelets, responsible for blood clotting
formed elements in plasma
water, plasma proteins, molecules and ions
plasma proteins
prevent loss of fluid from the blood
contents of erythroctyes
bioconcave structure, no nuclei or organellesha
what is hemoglobin
a red pigmented protein adapted to carry O2 and CO2
What is hemopoiesis, + where does it occur
production of blood cells and it occurs in red bone marrow.
what event/situation would trigger erythropoiesis and explain what happens
Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells, which begins with hematopoietic cells and is stimulated by hormones into erythropoiesis, which increases when there is a state of hypoxia.
where does erythrocyte destruction occur + describe process
lack organelles, erythrocytes cannot synthesize proteins for repairs, old erythrocytes are phagocytized
What would happen if an individual had low amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes or thrombocytes?
anemia, leukopina,a or thrombocytopenia
classification of leukocytes
agranular- lymphocytes and monocytes
granular- basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
lymphocytes
round dark nucleus attack pathogens and produce antibodies
what are monocytes
large c shaped nucleus, exit the blood and enter tissues to become macrophages
neutrophil
pale lilace granules, increase during bacterial infections
eosinophil
pink orange granules and increase with parasitic infections
basophils
dark blue granules, important in allergies and inflammatory responses
3 phases of hemostasis
vascular spasm immediately follows vessel injury, the vessel constricts, decreasing blood flow
platlet plug formation - platlets stick to the exposed collagen fibers pluging the wound
coagulation phase, blood clot
intrinstic pathway vs extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway - initiated by trauma in the vessel wall
extrinsic pathway, initiated tissue damage outside the vessel
blood typing is based on what
based off of antigens found on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
antigens and antibodies present in blood type A
surface antigen A and anti-B antibodies
what are the antigens and antibodies present in blood type b
surface antigen B and anti-A antibodies
What kind of antigens and antibodies do AB blood type have?
antigens - a and b
antibodies- neither anti a nor b
what type of antigens and antibodies are present in blood type O
antigens- none
antibodies- both anti a and anti b
What determines if an individual has positive or negative blood
presence or absences of Rh fator
what does universal donor and universal recipient mean?
universal donor - type o can give blood to all types
universal recipent- type AB can receive all typers of blood
lymph
The lymph is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells, enters the lymph vessels
pathway/flow of its flow
lymph -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels ->lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts -> venous blood circulation
what causes lymph to move into the lymphatic capilaries
overlapping endothelial cells in the wall
right lymphatic ducts
near right clavicle, drains upper right quadrant, empties into the junction between the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular
thoracic duct
drains left side of head/neck, left upper limb, left thorax, all of abdomen and both lower limbs and it empties into the junction between left subclavian and left internal jugular
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic structures? (composed of what tissues and what organs)
primary- composed ofendothelial tissue(red bone marrow and thymus) - form and mature lymphocytes
secondary (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) - store lymphocytes and other immune cells, composed of dense irregular CT
thymus
T-lymphocyte maturation
lymph nodes
filter lymph and removal of unwanted substances
spleen
filters blood, phagocytosis of defective erythrocytes and platelets, reservoir for platelets
tonsils
protects against inhaled or foreign materials
bone marrow
produce all of the formed elements through hematopoiesis
difference between innate and adaptive immunity
innate- born with it
adaptive - acquired `
