Anova

Question 1

What are the principles of ANOVA.

Answer 1

To test he hypothesis that all means are equal. Compare the variances between the conditions and within the conditions to produce the test statistic known as F (F ratio) If the P value associated with F is significant then it is unlikely that the difference between the means was due to sampling error. Further tests are needed to see if ther is a sig dif between the other conditions. Ie 1and 4

Question 2

A type 1 error is…?

Answer 2

When the null hypothesis is rejected when it shouldn’t have been. Ie the Means ARE equal after all. Relax people!!

Question 3

A type 2 error is when ….?

Answer 3

The hull hypothesis is not rejected when it should have been. Ie. There means are actually unequal. There is actually a significant variance in the means of the Dvs for the different levels of the IV

Question 4

What is the logic of inferential statistics?

Answer 4

To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true.

Question 5

If you obtain a one tailed p value of 0.02, the equivalent two tailed p value is …?

Answer 5

0.04

Question 6

What are the pros and cons of using repeated measures?

Answer 6

cons, subjects can get better at a task, or figure out the point of the study and then try to please the researcher. this can be It also might not be possible if for eg, the condition is smoking or sex.

use counter balancing

Pros, Fewer participants are needed, and, it takes acount of individual differnces as a confounding factor, this has improtant implications for Error variance ( ie there is less of it!)

Question 7

Variance is……?

Answer 7

variance is the average squared deviation (difference) of a data point from the distribution mean

To do this you take the distance of each data point from the mean, square each distance, add them together and then find the average.

Question 8

The sum of squares is…..?

Answer 8

when you just literally add up all those squared distances from the mean deviation …

The sum of squares is the variance without finding the average bit at the end ….. you just literally add up all those squared distances from the mean deviation …

Question 9

What are the assumptions about the data that you must make before perfroming an ANOVA?

Answer 9

1) any dependant variables should be measured on at least the INTERVAL SCALE, or the RATIO SCALE
2) The populatioin should be NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED
3) The variances of the populations should be aprox EQUAL (ie, HOMOGENEITY OF VARANCES
4) NO EXTREME SCORES

Question 10

Partial eta Squared shows…?

Answer 10

shows the percentage of varience that can be accounted for by the different back ground conditions.

written as 0.23 = 23%

or… the variance in the DV accounted for/explained by the IV factor

Question 11

The Error Variance is…..?

Answer 11

is found within groups and is a result of individual differences and sampling error, NOT a result of the IV!!!!!!!

The IV has a “treatment effect’ BETWEEN groups and on the measurement of their DV

Question 12

Sphericity.

Answer 12

Sphericity. It is a measure of the correlation (a relationship) between scores in different conditions. This is again because of the fact that the same participant is taking all the conditions available in the study. Therefore, there is a chance that their performance/score in one condition is related to another/others for the factors/IVs tested.

Question 13

box plot? scatter plot? line graph? histogram?

what are they good for?

Answer 13

Box plot. - -It shows the means as well as the percentile variation around them.

Histogram is better for focusing on the distribution even though the means can be presented.

Scatterplot is for exploring the relationship between two interval/scale variable.

A line graph can show the means, but not spread, but useful for ‘interactions’ (see later learning materials in the module).

Question 14

when is an independant samples (unrelated) t-test used

Answer 14

for between participants design

what non parametric test can be used if t-test is not? Mann-Whitney!!

Question 15

Mann-Whitney is…?

Answer 15

Mann-Whitney is a non parametric alternative to the independant t-test

Question 16

With an interaction:……

Answer 16

One variable behaves differently in each condition of the other variable

Question 17

A correlation gives the ********** + ************ of the association between two variables. A regression allows one to ******* ***** ***** *** ******* (the one set as the criterion/outcome variable) from scores on another (the one set as the explanatory/predictor variable).

If applied to data obtained from an experiment, it can be used to ‘suggest’ that the scores on one variable might influence the scores on another; i.e., ‘infer’ a causal relationship

Answer 17

direction and strength

predict scores on one variable

Question 18

What are the two basic conditions or assumptions that should be satisfied for one to use a bivariate linear regression?

Answer 18

First ,the criterion/outcome variable should be measured on an interval/scale. Secondly, the relationship between the two variables should be linear (can be represented by a straight line); otherwise there cannot be a best-fit line, which is how the regression model works; predictions are generated from this line.

Question 19

In linear regression, the differences between the predicted scores on the best- fit line and the actual scores obtained and plotted are called: _____________

Answer 19

Residuals They are important in evaluating how good (fitted) an regression model is that is based on the best-fit in SPSS.

Question 20

A regression allows one to ,,,,,,

Answer 20

predict scores on one variable

(the one set as the criterion/outcome variable)

from scores on another

(the one set as the explanatory/predictor variable).

Question 21

Variance in the Criterion or DV

explained by the regression model is shown as

a percentage by …..

Answer 21

R squared

ie the residual squared, often somethingk like .234

Question 22

within group variance is caused by….?

Answer 22

invididual differences and sampling error

NOT the IV

Question 23

Between group varience is caused by …..

Answer 23

Individual differences , sampling error,

AND the TREATMENT EFFECT,

ie the IV

Question 24

Anova compared…..

to obtain waht stat…

Answer 24

the variance between groups with the variance within groups

Question 25

Epistemology concerns the theory or

Answer 25

nature of ‘knowledge’ (as in what it is) —whether it is already ‘out there’ to be found and measured (a stance taken by the ‘quantitative’ camp), or to be ‘constructed’ by human meaning-making (the ‘qualitative’ stance).

Question 26

The positivist stance, which upholds that

Answer 26

‘knowledge’ should be readily and directly observable and thereby measurable in making up the ‘objective’ facts. Therefore, for things that are not readily observable or hard to quantify (points of views, emotions, etc.)—often common interests of psychology—this branch at least tends to gauge aspects of them that Can be measured and objectified (such as behavioural measures or self-reporting scores) to infer about them.

Question 27

A small sample is typical of research using IPA. Even one participant, as single ‘case study’, is favoured. What theoretical influence underpins this practice?

Answer 27

Idiography refers to the focus on what is ‘distinct’ in individuals (versus what is a general trend among a whole group)

Question 28

In Qualitative research, If a sample (more than one) is drawn, what should the sample be like?

Answer 28

Homogeneous means participants should share certain significant experience, characteristics or context in which the researcher is interested.

As s/he samples with this purpose in mind, this is also ‘purposive’, as the sample is ‘purposefully homogeneous’.

Question 29

IPA is concerned with understanding the ‘lived experience’ of a phenomenon (as realist). Discourse analysis is concerned with how language is used to ‘construct’ psychological/ social reality and as such is… (complete with epistemology)

Answer 29

Social constructionist as it is concerned with how people use language to socially ‘construct’ their reality (also ‘relativist’ and ‘critical realist’).

Question 30

What are the two main strands of Discourse analysis approaches?
State one of the key similarities and one key difference between these strands.

Answer 30

Discursive psychology and Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA). The former is concerned with how persons use discursive resources to achieve interpersonal objectives in social interactions;

the latter the kinds of resources/ understanding people draw on to make sense of the world and position themselves within.

As both concern the role of language, both tend to use method with ‘texts’, and most commonly semi-structured interviews. Yet while the purpose of DP means that as much detail as possible is transcribed of ‘naturally occurring talk’ (which includes intonation, pauses, interruptions, hesitations, etc.), FDA focuses more on the content of conversations (but both attend to interviewer and interviewee).

Question 31

When applying one of the DA or FDA approaches in analysis, the researcher pays attention to how people manage their stake and interest in conversations as ‘rhetorical’ strategies on a micro/local level. Name two of such strategies:

Answer 31

The ‘rhetorical’ strategies used by DP can include any of (but not exhaustive to)

construction (how people construct their accounts out of pre-existing linguistic resources as ‘interpretative repertoires’),

variation (how people are inconsistent in conversations),

context (how people vary with context),

function (how people manage stake, interest, blame and their position and ward of accusations, etc.).

Question 32

Do you want the levene’s test for equality of variences to be significant , ie the independent samples t test.?

Answer 32

no you dont want it to be significant , iie there is NOT a significant difference in the two samples, so you can go a head with the ANOVA,

pHEWWWYY