Anotomy Dictionary Flashcards
ANATOMY
Study of the structure and shape of body and parts
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of how the body and it’s parts work or function
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standard body position used to avoid confusion:
Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forwards. Thumbs away from body
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
SUPERIOR
Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body;
ABOVE (EG: FOREHEAD IS SUPERIOR TO THE NOSE)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
INFERIOR
Away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure or the body;
BELOW (EG: NAVEL IS INFERIOR TO THE BREASTBONE)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
ANTERIOR
Toward or at the front of the body;
IN FRONT OF (EG: THE FACE IS ON THE ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE BODY)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
POSTERIOR
Toward or at the back side of the body;
BEHIND (EG: SPINAL CORD IS POSTERIOR TO THE BODY)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
MEDIAL
Toward or at the midline of the body;
ON THE INNER SIDE OF (EG: HEART IS MEDIAL TO THE ARM)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
LATERAL
Away from the midline of the body;
OUTER SIDE OF (EG: ARMS ARE LATERAL TO THE CHEST)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
PROXIMAL
Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk.
(EG: ELBOW IS PROXIMAL TO THE WRIST)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
DISTAL
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body trunk.
(EG: KNEE IS DISTAL TO THE THIGH)
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL)
Toward or at the body surface.
EG: THE SKIN IS SUPERFICIAL TO THE SKELETON
DIRECTIONAL TERM:
DEEP (INTERNAL)
Away from the body surface;
more internal.
(EG: THE LUNGS ARE DEEP TO THE RIB CAGE)
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
Boundaries separate the inside from the outside
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
MOVEMENT
Locomotion
movement of substances
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
RESPONSIVENESS (IRRITABILITY)
Ability to sense changes and react
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
DIGESTION
Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
METABOLISM
Chemical reactions within the body:
Breaks down complex molecules in to smaller ones
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
Produces energy (ATP)
Regulates by hormones
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
EXCRETION
Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine, feces or sweat
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
REPRODUCTION (CELLULAR LEVEL)
On cellular level - new cells are used for growth and repair.
On organismal level - the reproductive system handles the task .
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:
GROWTH
Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells).
Hormones play a major role
SURVIVAL NEEDS:
NUTRIENTS
Chemicals used for energy and cell building
Includes: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals
SURVIVAL NEEDS:
OXYGEN
Required for chemical reactions.
Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system.
SURVIVAL NEEDS:
WATER
. 60 TO 80 % of body weight
. Most abundant chemical in the human body
. Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions
SURVIVAL NEEDS:
NORMAL BODY TEMP
. 37 DEGREES C (98F)
. Below this temp, chemical reactions slow and stop
. Above this temp, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly
SURVIVAL NEEDS:
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Must be appropriate for gas exchange
HOMEOSTASIS:
A dynamic state of equilibrium or balance.
Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life.
MAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS:
Nervous System - fast
Endocrine System - slow
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE:
A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS:
What are the 3 components?
RECEPTOR,
CONTROL CENTER,
EFFECTOR
HOMEOSTATIC: Receptor job/ definition
Receptor:
Responds to the changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center along an afferent (approach) pathway
HOMEOSTATIC: Control Center job/ definition
Control Center:
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
HOMEOSTATIC: Effector job. definition
EFFECTOR:
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Information flows from control center to effector along efferent (exit) pathways
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS:
. Includes most Homeostatic control mech
. Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces it’s intensity
. Works like a household thermostat
(EG: if your glucose levels are low your body asks for insulin, or if you’re thirsty and you drink some water it turns off the “need” to drink more)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS:
. Rare in the human body
. Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
. Reaction occurs at fast rate
In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
