Anotomy Dictionary

Question 1

ANATOMY

Answer 1

Study of the structure and shape of body and parts

Question 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 2

Study of how the body and it’s parts work or function

Question 3

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Answer 3

Standard body position used to avoid confusion:

Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forwards. Thumbs away from body

Question 4

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

SUPERIOR

Answer 4

Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body;

ABOVE (EG: FOREHEAD IS SUPERIOR TO THE NOSE)

Question 5

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

INFERIOR

Answer 5

Away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure or the body;

BELOW (EG: NAVEL IS INFERIOR TO THE BREASTBONE)

Question 6

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

ANTERIOR

Answer 6

Toward or at the front of the body;

IN FRONT OF (EG: THE FACE IS ON THE ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE BODY)

Question 7

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

POSTERIOR

Answer 7

Toward or at the back side of the body;

BEHIND (EG: SPINAL CORD IS POSTERIOR TO THE BODY)

Question 8

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

MEDIAL

Answer 8

Toward or at the midline of the body;

ON THE INNER SIDE OF (EG: HEART IS MEDIAL TO THE ARM)

Question 9

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

LATERAL

Answer 9

Away from the midline of the body;

OUTER SIDE OF (EG: ARMS ARE LATERAL TO THE CHEST)

Question 10

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

PROXIMAL

Answer 10

Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk.

(EG: ELBOW IS PROXIMAL TO THE WRIST)

Question 11

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

DISTAL

Answer 11

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body trunk.

(EG: KNEE IS DISTAL TO THE THIGH)

Question 12

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL)

Answer 12

Toward or at the body surface.

EG: THE SKIN IS SUPERFICIAL TO THE SKELETON

Question 13

DIRECTIONAL TERM:

DEEP (INTERNAL)

Answer 13

Away from the body surface;
more internal.

(EG: THE LUNGS ARE DEEP TO THE RIB CAGE)

Question 14

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES

Answer 14

Boundaries separate the inside from the outside

Question 15

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

MOVEMENT

Answer 15

Locomotion

movement of substances

Question 16

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

RESPONSIVENESS (IRRITABILITY)

Answer 16

Ability to sense changes and react

Question 17

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

DIGESTION

Answer 17

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Question 18

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

METABOLISM

Answer 18

Chemical reactions within the body:

Breaks down complex molecules in to smaller ones
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
Produces energy (ATP)
Regulates by hormones

Question 19

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

EXCRETION

Answer 19

Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions
Wastes may be removed in urine, feces or sweat

Question 20

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

REPRODUCTION (CELLULAR LEVEL)

Answer 20

On cellular level - new cells are used for growth and repair.
On organismal level - the reproductive system handles the task .

Question 21

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS:

GROWTH

Answer 21

Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells).
Hormones play a major role

Question 22

SURVIVAL NEEDS:

NUTRIENTS

Answer 22

Chemicals used for energy and cell building

Includes: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals

Question 23

SURVIVAL NEEDS:

OXYGEN

Answer 23

Required for chemical reactions.

Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

Question 24

SURVIVAL NEEDS:

WATER

Answer 24

. 60 TO 80 % of body weight
. Most abundant chemical in the human body
. Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

Question 25

SURVIVAL NEEDS:

NORMAL BODY TEMP

Answer 25

. 37 DEGREES C (98F)
. Below this temp, chemical reactions slow and stop
. Above this temp, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly

Question 26

SURVIVAL NEEDS:

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Answer 26

Must be appropriate for gas exchange

Question 27

HOMEOSTASIS:

Answer 27

A dynamic state of equilibrium or balance.

Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life.

Question 28

MAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Answer 28

Nervous System - fast

Endocrine System - slow

Question 29

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE:

Answer 29

A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

Question 30

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS:

What are the 3 components?

Answer 30

RECEPTOR,
CONTROL CENTER,
EFFECTOR

Question 31

HOMEOSTATIC: Receptor job/ definition

Answer 31

Receptor:

Responds to the changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center along an afferent (approach) pathway

Question 32

HOMEOSTATIC: Control Center job/ definition

Answer 32

Control Center:

Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response

Question 33

HOMEOSTATIC: Effector job. definition

Answer 33

EFFECTOR:

Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Information flows from control center to effector along efferent (exit) pathways

Question 34

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS:

Answer 34

. Includes most Homeostatic control mech
. Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces it’s intensity
. Works like a household thermostat

(EG: if your glucose levels are low your body asks for insulin, or if you’re thirsty and you drink some water it turns off the “need” to drink more)

Question 35

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS:

Answer 35

. Rare in the human body
. Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
. Reaction occurs at fast rate
In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby