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Sports Medicine (Final Exam) > Ankle and Foot Injuries in Sports Medicine > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Injuries in Sports Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

what are stress fractures

A

-partial or complete fx of bone due to its inability to withstand repetitive non-violent force

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2
Q

95% of stress fractures occur where

A

in the LE

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3
Q

stress fractures account for what % of running injuries

A

10%

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4
Q

where are stress fracture most common

A

foot and ankle

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5
Q

when does a stress fracture occur

A
  • when the bones ability to repair itself is outpaced by continued repetitive forces
  • often occurs in activities that involve muscle fatigue
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6
Q

what happens what muscle fatigues

A
  • it loses its ability to contract and redistribute the energy along the course of the muscle
  • the bone must then take on the higher undistributed load
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7
Q

what will tension force proceed into

A

to a symptomatic stress fx and eventaully a complete fx

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8
Q

how do compression fractures occur and do they result in a complete fx

A
  • occur slowly

- do not go on to a complete fx (tension fracture occur more rapidly)

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9
Q

a higher incidence of stress fx occur in who

A
  • women with amenorrhea

- assocaited with low levels of estrogen

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10
Q

women incur more —stress fx

A

bilateral

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11
Q

stress fractures are largely correlated with what

A
  • fitness and level of activity

- age and fitness

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12
Q

are age and gender correlate to stress fracture

A

no

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13
Q

what factors are involved in stress fx

A
  • shoe mileage (look for creases, wobble and wear in mid sole of shoe)
  • LLD (50/50 which side injury is on, depends on compensation)
  • changes in running surface
  • gait variations
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14
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of a stress fracture

A
  • tenderness over area
  • pain upon weight bearing
  • reproduce pain with inciting activity
  • may see slight edema (may not see edema)
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15
Q

what diagnostic tools are used dx a stress fx

A
  • x-ray (14 day rule)
  • bone scan
  • C.T
  • tuning fork (50% false negative) and ultrasound
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16
Q

what structures are at risk of stress fx

A
  • navicular, proximal second MT

- any intra-articular structure in the foot and ankle

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17
Q

what structures are less critical stress fx

A
  • medial malleolus
  • proximal 5th MT
  • talus
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18
Q

what structures are noncritical stress fx

A
  • distal MT (very common)
  • lateral malleolus
  • calcaneus
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19
Q

how do you treat stress fx

A
  • decreases activity - let the pain be your guide
  • change activity - circuit training, exercise machines, swimming
  • change foot wear
  • orthoses
  • immobilization when indicated
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20
Q

what are shin splints

A

garbage term describing overuse injuries involving the lower leg

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21
Q

what is enthesitis

A

inflammation of the insertion of the tenon into the bone

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22
Q

what is periostitis

A

covering of bone that has all the nerve and vascular structures involved

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23
Q

what is myositis

A

inflammation of muscle

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24
Q

what is tenonitis

A

inflammation of tendon

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25
Q

what are the causes of posterior medial shin splints

A
  • overuse of posterior tibialis m
  • usually due to increased velocity (acceleration) of pronation
  • eccentric contraction after heel strike (this is when the moments around the STJ are highest)
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26
Q

what are the most common shin splints

A

-anterior lateral shin splints

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27
Q

anterior-lateral shin splits are due to

A
  • overuse of TA muscle
  • increased velocity (acceleration) of ankle joint plantarflexion; also associated with STJ pronation
  • eccentric contraction at heel contact when the ankle joint moments are highest
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28
Q

what factors are involved in shin splints

A
  • shoes
  • running surface
  • tight opposing muscle groups
  • weak muscle groups
  • running variations
  • foot morphology
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29
Q

what are signs and symptoms of shin splints

A
  • diffuse pain that starts out late in a workout
  • as it gets worse it becomes more localized earlier in the workout
  • usually not tender on weight bearing (unlike stress fx)
  • often can palpate the area of tenderness (b/c of inflammation)
  • activities such as running in place can elicit discomfort
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30
Q

how do you diagnose shin splints

A
  • primarily a clinical diagnosis
  • x-ray
  • bone scan
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31
Q

what is the treatment for shin splints

A
  • decreased activity
  • substitue activity
  • orthoses and shoes
  • stretch and strengthen
  • physical therapy
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32
Q

chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) is difficult to distinguish from what

A

shin splints

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33
Q

it is important to differentiate CCS from what

A

acute compartment syndrome - medical emergency

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34
Q

CCS is caused by what

A
  • high pressure in the fascial boundaries causing ischemia
  • increased pressure comes from increased muscle volume and intra and extracellular fluid accumulation during activity
  • increased pressure may then lead to venous and lymphatic compromise which will worsen the situation
  • nerve compromise
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35
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of CCS

A
  • pain after a certain distance, time or intensity
  • dull, achy, stabbing pain along the lower limb
  • may have a perceived muscle tightness or fullness
  • eventually will see neurological symptoms (parasthesias in toes/muscle belly)
36
Q

in CCS when does the pain subside

A
  • after activity

- the longer the activity the longer it will take for the pain to subside

37
Q

what compartments are most affected in CCS

A

-anterior and deep posterior compartment

38
Q

1 in 5 patients with CCS have a hx of

A

stress fracture

39
Q

how do you perform a PE for CCS

A

first have your patient exercise (ie. treadmill)

40
Q

what is found during a PE for CCS

A
  • pain to palpation along the compartment (compress muscle)
  • decreased neurological sensation and parasthesias
  • herniations occur in 20-60%
41
Q

how do you dx for CCS

A

-radiology
-compartmental pressure:
preexisting pressure = 15mmHg
1 min post exercise pressure >/= to 30 mmHg
5-10 min post exercise = 15mmHg

42
Q

how do you treat CCS

A
  • decreased activity
  • substitute activity
  • orthoses and shoes
  • PT
  • surgical decompression
43
Q

up to 18% of runners will exhibit sings of what

A

achilles tendonitis

44
Q

what is insertional achilles tendonitis

A
  • involves the tendon/bone interface

- often associated with a haglund’ deformity

45
Q

what is non-insertional achilles tendonitis

A

-proximal to the insertion

46
Q

what factors are involved in achilles tendonitis

A
  • excess mileage
  • improper training techniques
  • inadequate shoes
  • tight posterior muscle group
  • excessive pronation
47
Q

often you do not see pts with achilles tendonitis until

A

there is a partial or complete tear

48
Q

non-insertional achilles tendonitis occur in who

A
  • usually middle aged weekend athletes

- male&raquo_space;female

49
Q

where do non-insertional achilles tendonitis involve avascular zone

A

2-6cm proximal to the insertion

50
Q

in non-insertional achilles tendonitis when is pain the worse

A

in the A.M and with activity but many do not have symptoms prior to rupture

51
Q

what will you see on a non insertional achilles tendonitis when you squeeze the calf muscle

A

a depression

52
Q

what will be seen on PE for a non-insertional achilles tendonitis

A
  • localized tenderness and crepitus
  • palpable “knot”
  • x-ray may show calcification
  • tenograms and MRs are best
53
Q

what tools are used to diagnose an achilles tendon rupture

A

tenogram or MR is best

54
Q

insertional tendonitis is caused by

A

overuse enthesopathy

55
Q

insertional tendonitis is often associated with what

A

retrocalcaneal bursitis

56
Q

chronic inflammation of an insertional tendonitis results in

A

calcification

57
Q

medial insertional tendonitis is seen with what

A

over pronation (midstance)

58
Q

what will be seen during PE for insertional achilles tendonitis

A
  • erythema and edema
  • pain to palpation at insertion
  • worse after exercise
  • palpable mass posterior lateral calcaneus
  • x-ray show some degree of haglund’s deformity and possible spur
59
Q

how do you treat Achilles tendonitis

A 
(Binnell surgery primary repair)
1/8” heel lift or medial heel wedge
Achilles Tendonitis Walking Boot
Orthoses and new shoes
Stretching in non-acute cases
Ultrasound
60
Q

how do you prevent Achilles tendonitis

A

-warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury

61
Q

posterior tibial tendonitis is linked with what

A

excessive pronation

62
Q

PTT occur most frequently in males or females

A

females

63
Q

what clinical signs are evident with PTT

A

Clinically may have crepitation with motion
Pain with active and passive eversion motion
Pain against inversion resistance
Pain against inversion resistance
Pain with heel raises (or marked weakness)
No Calcaneal inversion with heel raises

64
Q

when do you often see peroneal tendonitis

A

after periods of inactivity followed by intensive workout schedule

65
Q

where does peroneal brevis tendonitis produce pain

A

at the base of the 5th MT

66
Q

both peroneal brevis and longus can produce pain where

A

posterior to the lateral malleolus

67
Q

extensor tendonitis is often seen in

A

skating and skiing due to tight boots

68
Q

in extensor tendonitis what does the ankle joint exhibit

A

rapid plantarflexion and a “foot slap” may be heard

69
Q

how do you treat extensor tendonitis

A 
Modification of activity
Substitution of activities
Stretch and strengthen
Ultrasound / phonophoresis
Soft to ridged orthoses therapy
70
Q

ankle sprains are due to

A
  • plantarflexion/inversion
  • dorsiflexion
  • eversion deltoid lig.
71
Q

what are the grades of ankle sprains

A

1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree

72
Q

what is 3rd degree ankle strain

A
  • unstable
  • repair if you can’t get congruity or fails to align
  • BK cast
73
Q

what is the squeeze test

A

-compress mid calf - test tib/fib syndesmosis

74
Q

what is a 2nd degree ankle sprain

A
  • stable
  • functional impairment
  • some joint laxity
  • splint and rehabilitation indicated
75
Q

what is the Ottawa Ankle Rule***

A

films are required if:

  • Pain at malleolar area, navicular, styloid process – avulsion fx
  • Bony tenderness
  • Inability to bear weight
76
Q

when are arthography used to diagnose ankle sprains

A
  • used for acute dx (24-48 hrs)
  • few false (+)
  • disruption unlikely if there is no leakage
77
Q

arthrography of ankle sprains

A

Superior anterior lateral = ATFL
Peroneal sheath = ATFL + CFL
Posterior = syndesmotic tear

78
Q

how do you treat subacute lateral ankle instability

A 
-Subacute phase (3 days – 3 weeks)
Goals = mobility, contractures, strength, proprioception
Contrast baths and cryotherapy as indicated
Air cast
Partial to full WB activities
Exercise
Alphabet, therabands, BAPS board
Achilles and peroneals (overlooked)
79
Q

how do you treat reparative phase lateral ankle instability

A

-Repairative phase (3 weeks to 3 months)
Goals = full function and return to sport
Spot icing
Brace, tape, orthoses
Gradual return to activity
(osteochondritis dessicans or bone chip restricts joint ROM)
(Ankle fx is rare in sports med compared to ligamentous injury)

80
Q

what is turf toe

A
  • sprain of the 1st MTPJ

- commonly injured while wearing flexible shoes on a surface such as artificial turf

81
Q

how do you treat an acute phase of lateral ankle instability

A 
-Acute phase (0-3 days)
Goal = edema, pain, spasm
Cryotherapy - ice
Compression
Elevation
Exercise (NWB) – spell alphabet out with toes
Isometric exercises
Achilles stretch
82
Q

how do you treat subacute lateral ankle instability

A 
-Subacute phase (3 days – 3 weeks)
Goals = mobility, contractures, strength, proprioception
Contrast baths and cryotherapy as indicated
Air cast
Partial to full WB activities
Exercise
Alphabet, therabands, BAPS board
Achilles and peroneals (overlooked)
83
Q

how do you treat reparative phase lateral ankle instability

A

-Repairative phase (3 weeks to 3 months)
Goals = full function and return to sport
Spot icing
Brace, tape, orthoses
Gradual return to activity
(osteochondritis dessicans or bone chip restricts joint ROM)
(Ankle fx is rare in sports med compared to ligamentous injury)

84
Q

turf toe is usually caused by what

A
  • hyperextension force

- if problem persists or worsen, surgery may be required

85
Q

how do you treat turf toe syndrome

A 
Protect
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
Avoid wt bearing 2-4d
Recovery (3-4 wks)
orthoses

Sports Medicine (Final Exam) (3 decks)

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