Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal I Final F'16 > Anions and Cations > Flashcards

Anions and Cations Flashcards

1
Q

Acidemia results in what type of movement of K+?

A

From the ICF to the ECF

H+ ions are brought into the cell and exchanged for K+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Alkalemia results in what type of movement of K+?

A

From the ECF to ICF

H+ ions are pushed out into the ECF; in exchange for K+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are primarily excreting K+ and reabsorbing K+ based on plasma levels?

A

K+ Reasborption: A-intercalated Cells

K+ Secretion: Principle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is primary potential along the tubular lumen of the Collecting Duct?

A

Negative; - 50 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics and underlying etiology of Conn’s disease?

A

Conn’s Disease (Primary hyperaldosteronism)

  • Aldosterone secreting tumor in the adrenal cortex
  • K+ secretion in the collecting duct is innapropriately stimulated
  • Consequence: Hypokalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics and underlying etiology of Addison’s Disease?

A

Addison’s Disease: Hypoaldosteronism

  • Desctruction of Adrenal glands; aldosterone isn’t secreted
  • Decreased K+ secretion in collecting duct
  • Consequence: Hyperkalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the action of Osmotic Diuretics?

A
  • Inhibit water reabsorption, and Na+, secondarily.
  • Increased osmolarity of tubular fluid
  • Act @ PCT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the action of Carbonic Anyhydrase inhibitors?

A
  • Inhibit NaHCO3- reabsorption
  • Can cause metabolic acidosis
  • Act @ pCT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the action of loop diuretics?

A
  • Inhibits Na+,K+, 2 Cl- cotransporter
  • Increases RBF & decreased concentration of medullary intersitium
  • Lessens water reabsorption at descending limb of Loop
  • Acts @ Loop of Henle (20-25% of Na+ reabsorption)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the action of thiazide diuretics?

A
  • Inhibit Na+/Cl- contransporter
  • Increases Na+ secretion (primarily) and K+ secretion (secondarily)
  • Decreased Ca2+ excretion
  • Acts @ DCT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the action of K+ sparing diuretics?

A
  • Inhibits Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the concept of diuretic breaking?

A
  • Chronic use of diuretics can lead to adaption of the distal sites to reabsorption the increased solute concentrations.
  • Requires individuals take K+ supplements to prevent K+ wasting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the approximate % of total calcium that is filtered into Bowman’s capsule?

A

~ 55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the bulk of filtered Mg2+ reabsorbed?

A

It is reabsorbed via paracellular movement in the TAL; driving force is the positive transepithelial potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What effect does insulin have on K+ regulation?

Also, what does diabetes mellitus cause in regards to K+?

A

1) It increases activity of Na+/K+ ATPase on the basolateral membrane of the principal cells; stimulating uptake of K+ into the cells
2) Associted with Hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do agonists of B2 adrengeric receptors cause in regards to K+?

A

They stimulate Na+/K+ ATPase; causing hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do agonists of A1 adrenergic receptors cause in regards to K+ reabsorption?

A

1) They cause shift of K+ out of the interstitum and into the pertibular capillary; causing Hyperkalemia

18
Q

Where is Phosphate primarily reabsorbed?

A

PCT; via Na+/Phosphate cotransporter

19
Q

What is the effect of PTH on Ca2+?

A

It increases its reabsorption of Ca2+ at the distal tubule, ; stimulating adenyl cyclase and cAMP, it also stimulates the production of Vit D3 (Calcitriol)

20
Q

What is the effect of PTH on Phosphate?

A

It inhibits its reabsorption via; antagonist, of Na+/Phosphate cotransporter at the PCT

21
Q

What two markers would be elevated as a result of increased PTH levels?

A

cAMP & Phosphaturia

22
Q

What is Pseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

Defects in PTH’s receptor; Gs protein and Adenyl Cyclase –> Result: Renal cells are resistant to PTH

23
Q

What are the main sites of Ca2+ reabsorption in the nephron?

A

1) Passive process; tightly coupled to Na+ reabsorption in the PCT and TAL

24
Q

What classes of diuretics can treat hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia; respectively?

A

1) Treat Hypercalciuria: Increase reabsorption of Ca2+ –> Thiazide diuretics
2) Treat Hypercalcemia: Increase secretion of Ca2+ –> Loop diuretics

25
Q

What is mechanism for increased Ca2+ reabsorption with Thiazide diuretics?

A

1) Inhibits Na+ reabsorption into cell via; Na+/Cl- contransport at DCT
2) Decreased intracelllular Na+ conc. (Interstitial fluid) –> Activates Na+/Ca+ exchanger
3) Ca2+ pumped out; Na+ pumped in

26
Q

What is the mechanism for the secretion of Ca2+ with treatment via Loop diuretics?

A

1) Loop diuretics inhibit Na+/K+/ 2 Cl- pump @ TAL –> decreased K+ conc. Inside –> decrease K+ secretion to the tubular lumen
2) Potential becomes more negative –> Inhibits difffusion of Ca2+ into the cell

27
Q

What effect does Loop diuretics have on Mg2+?

A

It increases its excretion

28
Q

What cell of the distal tubule/collecting duct is primarily responsible for K+ reabsorption?

A

Intercalated Cell; via H+/K+ Exchange

29
Q

What cell of the distal tubule/collecting duct is primarily responsible for secretion of K+ ?

A

Principal cells; leaky K+ channel

30
Q

What is Conn’s disease?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

31
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

HYpoaldosteronism

32
Q

What is the generalized mechanism by which Loop diuretics inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the TAL of Henle?

A

They complete for chloride on the Na+/K+/ 2 Cl- cotranspoter

33
Q

What is the main action of Vit D on Ca2+ reabsorption?

A

It increases Calbindin (Ca2+ carrier protein; which is responsible for its facilitated diffusion across the apical membrane)

34
Q

What prevents paracellular reabsorption of Ca2+ in the distal tubule?

A

Tight junction protein Claudin-8 (CLDN8)

35
Q

What is the mechanism for Ca2+ reabsorption in the TAL?

A

Positive lumen diffference; pushes Ca2+ paracellluarly –> into the interstitial tissue

36
Q

What is the efffect of PTH & Calcitriol on Ca2+ levels?

A

They all stimulate reabsoprtion

37
Q

What is the main efffect of Calcitonin on Ca2+ levels?

A

It prevents the osteoclastic reabsorption of bones; decreasing plasma Ca2+ level

38
Q

How does PTH inhibit Phosphate reabsorption?

A

It lowers the Tm of Phosphate reabsorption at the Na+/Phosphate reabsorption at the PCT

39
Q

Exercise generally causes what, regarding K+ conc?

A

Hyperkalemia

40
Q

How does hypermagnesemia cause increased Ca2+ clearance?

A

It competes for reabsorption in the TAL

41
Q

What is the major factor effecting Ca2+ reabsorption or secretion?

A

Na+ and water reabsorption; (Increased ECF Volume stimulates Ca2+ excretion)

Renal I Final F'16 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions