animals and fungi

Question 1

Define fungi and briefly describe some common characteristics of most fungi.

Answer 1

A fungus is any member of the eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts, molds and mushrooms etc.)
(they are eukaryotic meaning they have a nucleus and a membrane that surrounds the nucleus, no vascular and they are heterotrophic which means they take in and not give)
(their reproduction is through spores, they are unicellular or filamentous

Question 2

mycelium

Answer 2

the vegetative, persistent part (mainly below ground) of a multicellular fungus, consisting of a mass of haploid hyphae

Question 3

fruiting body

Answer 3

the multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures are born, the fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungi’s life cycle

Question 4

hyphae

Answer 4

is a long branching filamentous multicelluar structure of multicellular fungi (both within the mycelium and the fruiting body). Two types
Septate: cross walls between cells with pores that generally allow ribosomes and mitochondria to pass through
Coenocytic: without cross-walls between cells, continous cytoplasmic mass of 1000’s of nuclei.

Question 5

mycorrhiza

Answer 5

the symbiotic association between green plant and fungus, the plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus

Question 6

ectomykorrhiza fungi

Answer 6

forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of roots and grow into the extracellular space of roots

Question 7

arbuscular mycorrhiza

Answer 7

extend branching hyphae that penetrates the root cell walls (intracellular association

Question 8

Name the stage that dominates the life cycle of fungi, is that stage haploid or diploid, are the fruiting bodies of fungi the part of the asexual or sexual reproduction in the life cycle and lastly, if heterokaryotic stage in the life cycle of fungi is part of the asexual or sexual reproduction in the life cycle.

Answer 8

The stage that dominates the life cycle of fungi is the gametophyte cycle, this is the sexual phase in alternation of generations. This phenomenom or phase is haploid meaning that it has a single set of chromosomes, male and female organs develop

Question 9

Name the protist group that is considered to be the closest living relative of fungi and place fungi on the correct branch in the tree of life, thus answering if fungi are more closely related to plants or animals.

Answer 9

DNA indicates that fungi are closely related to the unicelluar flagellated protist group “nuclearids”

Question 10

Give examples of roles/functions that fungi perform and in what way they are important to us, positive and negative.

Answer 10

Fungi have alot of roles in nature, they break down dead organic material so that litter doesn’t accumulate and so that nutrients can be recycled. Molds are an example of how it decomposes litter but mold also comes with health hazards such as poisinous spores.
Other fungi can cause issues such as athletes foot in humans and also vaginal yeast infections for example

Question 11

Define animals (animalia/metazoa) and “true animals” (eumeazoa)

Answer 11

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, they have cells without a cell wall. Usually with muscle and nerve cells which results in them being able to move. They also have tissue.
Collagen is another feature that animalia has, it forms supportive tissue in bones, skin, tendons and blood vessels. Animalia can reproduce mainly sexually in the diploid stage.

Question 12

describe some characteristics of “true animals” and how they differ from sponges

Answer 12

True animals also called (eumetazoa) are radially symmetric animals. Examples of this are the cnidaria aka (nässeldjur): jellyfish, corals and hydras.
The difference between true animals and sponges are that the sponges lack tissue and have specialized cells that are organized in different structures which results in no nervous system, digestive system or transport system.

Question 13

Describe which animals groups (phyla, class, order) that are the most species rich on earth and how the species richness of animals compare to that of other organism groups

Answer 13

60-80% of all species are animals, the most species rich group are the beetles (coleoptera

Question 14

sponges

Answer 14

sponges are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls, lack true tissue and organs, mostly asymmetrical but some radially symmetrica

Question 15

comb jellies

Answer 15

transparent, cilia 8 symmetrical parts

Question 16

cnidarians

Answer 16

radially symmetrical and diploblastic, intracellular and extracellular digestion in the gastrovascular cavity. No circulatory, respiratory or excretory systems

Question 17

flatworms

Answer 17

bilateral symmetry, flattened body, unsegmented, parasitic

Question 18

rotifers

Answer 18

bilateral symmetrical, tissue and organs two cell layers.

Question 19

bryozoans

Answer 19

bilateral symmetry, two cell layers, tissue and organs,

Question 20

annelids

Answer 20

long segmented body, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, organs

Question 21

molluscs

Answer 21

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, organ systems, soft body unsgemented

Question 22

nematodes

Answer 22

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, cylindrical shape, tissue

Question 23

arthropodes

Answer 23

bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton

Question 24

echinoderms

Answer 24

star like appearance, spherical or elongated, marine animals, spiny

Question 25

chordates

Answer 25

notochord, dorsal hollow, nerve cord, tail

Question 26

dragonflies

Answer 26

one of the oldest orders of insects, predators, larval stage spent in water
Large and mobile head with large compound eyes, biting/chewing mouth parts and short bristle-like antenna, two pairs of large wings and an elongated slim abdomen, skilled fliers, first group to dominate the airspace

Question 27

orthopterans

Answer 27

medium-sized - large robust insects: muscular hind legs elongated for jumping. Two pairs of wings: forewings hardened as protective layer when not flying

Question 28

hymenopterans

Answer 28

one of the most species rich order of insects, moveable head with two pairs of membranous wings, biting, sucking or licking mouth parts, two main groups : sawflies (symphyta) lacks a wasp waist

Question 29

beetles

Answer 29

the most species rich order of insects, large variation but have heavily sclerotized head with chewing mouth parts, two pairs of wings with hardened forewings and membranous hindwings used for flying

Question 30

dipterans

Answer 30

The seconds most species rich order of insects, moveable head w sucking or piercing mouth parts, one pair of wings for flying, second pair for balance and guidance. Many importance transmitters of vector born disease, fliew and mosquitoes

Question 31

lepidopterans

Answer 31

the 4th most species-rich order of insects, insects w two pairs of broad wings +- covered by small scales, mostly w sucking parts. Fungus moths lappet moths, leafroller moths, geometer moths, hawk moths, butterflies

Question 32

radial symmetry

Answer 32

repeating pattern around a central axis such that they can be seperated into several identical pieces when cut through the central point.

Question 33

bilateral symmetry

Answer 33

single plane of symmetry, the sagittal plane, which divides the organism into two roughly mirror image left and right halves

Question 34

true tissue

Answer 34

isodiametric cells joined togheter in three dimensions, always originating from organized meristematic growth of a single cell that is capable to divide into several isodiamtetric planes thus giving off new cells into several directions.

Question 35

primary mouth

Answer 35

protostomia have a primary mouth, it’s where the gastrula forms the mouth)
Mollusks, arthropods, ringed worms

Question 36

secondary mouth

Answer 36

Deuterostomes have a secondary mouth, it’s where the second gastrula forms the mouth.) echinoderms, vertibrates.

Question 37

exoskeleton

Answer 37

supports and protects an animals body, they’re known as shells. Cockroaches is an example of this.

Question 38

moulting

Answer 38

is a cycle in which an animal sheds its skin or casts off a part of its body, often the outer layer or covering layer.

Question 39

compound eye

Answer 39

visual organ found in arthropods, it consists of thousands of ommatidia which are tiny independant photoreception units that consist of cornea, lens, ptohotoreceptor cells which distinguish light and color.

Question 40

oecelli

Answer 40

“little eye”, one to three can be found in many insects located at the different positions on their heads. Its a second visual system

Question 41

Name the invertebrate phyla that is believed to be the closest relative to chordates from an evolutionary point.

Answer 41

echinoderms

Question 42

Brielfy describe the difference between chordates (chordata) and vertebrates (vertebrata)

Answer 42

chordates do not have a vertebral column where as all vertebrates have a vertebral column. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the nerve cord.