Animal Welfare

Question 1

Midline

Answer 1

The ‘imaginary’ line that separates animals into a left and right half.

Question 2

Lateral

Answer 2

The side furthest from the midline (i.e. the lateral aspect of a dog’s femur, the lateral chest wall).

Question 3

Medial

Answer 3

The side closest to the midline (i.e. the inner thigh would be the medial surface of the thigh and also the medial surface of the femur).

Question 4

Dorsal

Answer 4

The view from above. With four legged animals, the dorsal surface would be the body surface that you see when looking down on it. (top of head, neck, back and tail).

Question 5

Ventral

Answer 5

The view from below. With dogs that would be the lower surface of the jaw, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis and tail.

Question 6

Caudal

Answer 6

Towards the tail

Question 7

Cranial

Answer 7

Towards the head.

Question 8

Rostral

Answer 8

When specifically discussing the head, the rostral surface is the surface facing you when you are looking at the dog while standing in front of it.

Question 9

Proximal

Answer 9

Refers to limbs. The proximal area of a long bone (i.e. a femur) is the area closest to the body.

Question 10

Distal

Answer 10

The distal area of a long bone is the area furthest away from the body.

Question 11

Midshaft

Answer 11

In the middle of a long bone.

Question 12

Flexion

Answer 12

To reduce the angle of a joint. (i.e. when you flex your elbow, you pull your radius and ulna up to your shoulder causing the elbow joint angle to get smaller.

Question 13

Extension

Answer 13

To increase the angle of a joint.

Question 14

Abduction

Answer 14

To move a limb away from the body (i.e. when you hold your arm out horizontally away from your body, the arm is in an abducted position).

Question 15

Adduction

Answer 15

To move a limb towards the body (i.e. holding your arm by your side close to your body).

Question 16

Displacement

Answer 16

When the bones move out of alignment. This causes the muscles to contract, further pulling the bones out of alignment. Blood supply to the distal limb may be impaired.

Question 17

Comminuted

Answer 17

When you have multiple pieces of bone.

Question 18

Greenstick

Answer 18

A fracture where instead of going right through, it breaks partly into the short axis of the bone and then the break splinters up and down the long axis of it, much like if you try to crack a green stick. Commonly seen in younger animals.

Question 19

Transcervical

Answer 19

Limited to the neck of the femur only.

Question 20

Proximal fracture

Answer 20

One that occurs on a long bone at the end nearest the body.

Question 21

Distal fracture

Answer 21

One that occurs on a long bone at the end furthest from the body.

Question 22

Midshaft fracture

Answer 22

One that occurs in the middle of a long bone.

Question 23

Compound fracture

Answer 23

One where broken bones are sticking out through the skin.

Question 24

Transverse fracture

Answer 24

A fracture at right angles to the shaft of the long bone. It is directly across the short axis of the bone.

Question 25

Cutaneous

Answer 25

To do with the skin.

Question 26

Connective tissue

Answer 26

Fibrous tissue that connects bones to muscles (tendon), bone to bone (ligaments), etc.

Question 27

Fascia

Answer 27

A type of connective tissue that helps enclose things like muscles, allowing them to slide past each other with less friction, which holds other tissue like blood vessels in place, etc.

Question 28

What are the Five Freedoms?

Answer 28

1. Freedom from Hunger and Thirst
   By ready access to fresh water and diet to maintain health and vigor.
2. Freedom from Discomfort
   By providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area.
3. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease
   By prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
4. Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
   By providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal’s own kind.
5. Freedom from Fear and Distress
   By ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.