Animal Transport Flashcards
What type of circulatory systems do earthworms have? How many hearts contract?
What does earthworm blood contain? What does that do?
Closed circulatory system blood kept in vessels all times
5 hearts contract to keep blood moving
Has haemoglobin which has affinity for o2
So absorbs o2 and carry’s glass where it’s needed
What type of circulatory system do insects have? What does that mean?
How is the blood kept moving in insects?
How does the blood move back into heart?
Why are o2 and carbon c02 not carried in the blood?
Open circulatory system = blood kept in haemocol
Blood - dorsal hearts - haemocol (arteries) - Ostia - back to heart
O2 and C02 not in blood bc gases are delivered and removed by tracheoles
What type of CS does a fish have? What does that mean?
What does the CS of a mammal enable?
Single closed CS
Within vessels
Humans
Closed - within vessels
Double - blood passes thru heart twice in 1 circulation
Why is double more efficient than single
Ensures separarte circulation to lungs - can maintain higher pressure to rest of body
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 chambers
2x atria at top
2x ventricles at bottom
What does the atria do?
What does the ventricle do?
Atria - veins - ventricles
Vein pumps blood up thru arteries
What does the right side of the heart receive? (2)
What does the left side of the heart receive? (2)
Right side of Heart - deoxygenated blood - pulmonary artery - lungs
Left side of heart -
Oxygenated blood from lungs - pulmonary vein - body organs
What does the arteries do? (3)
Blood away from heart (excl. pull artery)
Thick layer - connective tissue on outide = resist high pressure
Middle layer - thick and of elastic tissue
Arteries swell as blood enters and elastically recoil = maintains pressure
Lumen - narrow = maintain pressure
What does capillaries do?
Single endothelium
Site of exchange
Short diff pathway to tissue fluid
What do veins do?
Blood towards heart (excl pul vein)
Wide lumen - blood flow not impeded
Valves - prevent backflow of blood
Thin walls with less elastic tissue
Draw and label artery (4)
Fui
Draw and label vein (4)
Tu
Draw and label capillary
Jk
What do both arteries and veins have ?
Same layers
But diff thicknesses depending on function and pressure in vessel
What is the outer coat AKA?
What is it made of ?
Is it thicker in A or V and why?
Outer coat - tunica externa
Connective tissue
Thicker in arteries to resist high BP
Middle layer AKA? Large arteries have ? Smaller arterioles have? Veins Endothelium Lumen in artery Lumen in vein
middle layer = tunica media consists of muscle and elastic tissue,
large arteries lot of elastic tissue = elastic
recoil happens
Smaller arterioles = have more muscle to control blood flow to capillaries
Veins = layer is smaller bc blood carried under low pressure
Endothelium = single layer of cells = smooth lining to vessels
Lumen in Artery - narrow to maintain
pressure
Lumen in vein - wide so low pressure blood flow not impeded
What do capillaries have?
Lumen ?
Capillaries have single layer of endothelial cells -> short diff pathway
Lumen is smaller than RBC so that erythrocytes have to squeeze thru slowing flow to allow more time for diffusion
What does cardiac cycle mean
Events in one complete heart beat
What are the stage of CC?
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole
Heart beats myognically, what does that mean?
Events are initiated within heart muscle itself
What is the atrial systole?
What happens to the muscular walls? (3)
What happens to the semi lunar valves? (2)
What happens to the atrioventricular valves?
AS = SAN located in right atrium initiates wave of excitation across both atria
Causes muscle to contract and push blood in ventricles thru atrioventricular valves
Muscles contract and volume of atria reduces so pressure increases pushing blood into ventricles
Semi lunar valves closed as pressure in arteries is higher than that in ventricles - r relaxed
ATRIOventiricular valves open allowing blood to pass into ventricles
What is cannot the excitation wave pass into ventricular walls? [VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE]
What does the AVN do? (3)
What does Bundle of His do?
What does the bundle branch into?
What does Purkinje fibres do?
Increase in BP happens when?
Ventricular pressure is ______ than aortic pressure
What is blood forced through?
What does the bicuspid/tricuspid prevent?
Excitation wave cannot pass into the ventricular walls as it is blocked by a thin layer of connective tissue
↓ Atrioventricular node (AVN) at the bottom of the wall separating atria delays the impulse, then relays the impulse to the septum between the ventricles. Allows the atria to empty completely before ventricles contract.
↓ Bundle of His conducts impulse to the apex of the heart
↓ Bundle branches into Purkinje Fibres which carry the wave of excitation upwards through the ventricle muscle
↓ Ventricles contract from the base upwards, causes increase in blood pressure
↓ Ventricular pressure higher than aortic pressure
↓ Blood forced through semilunar valves into arteries (aorta/pul artery)
↓ Bicuspid/tricuspid valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria
What happens after VS? [DIASTOLE]
What happens to pressure as the ventricles relax?
What happens when the muscles relax?
Where does blood flow from?
All cardiac muscles relax in atria and ventricles
Pressure falls in ventricles = SL Valves close
Pressure falls in atria = AV valves open
Blood flows from veins thru atria, AV valves and into ventricles
Why do AV open?
Why do SLV close?
Why does blood move to the heart and into circulation?
AV VALVES OPEN so blood flows thru to ventricles
The _____ the blood has to be pushed the _____ the pressure that is generated and the ______ muscle.
Artia Eg
Rv EG
LV eg
The blood moves through the heart and into circulation because of pressure changes.
The further the blood has to be pushed the larger the pressure that is generated and
the thicker the muscle. The atria only have to move blood into the ventricles and
have a thin muscle layer. The right ventricle moves the blood to the lungs and has
thicker muscle than the atria. The left ventricle has very thick muscle as blood must
be moved around the whole body.
Ventricles
B
Smaller vessels
Pressure drops
Capillaries
Pressure lost
Ventiles
Educación
Describe pressure change in ventricles
Describe pressure changes in smaller vessels
Describe pressure changes in capillaries
Describe pressure changes in venules and veins
Why does pulmonary circulation have much lower pressure?
Because right side of heart has thinner muscle than left
What are the 2 valves in the heart?
AV valves between atria and ventricles
SV valves between ventricles and arteries
Tell me 2 things about SL valves
What type of valves are they ?
When do they open?
One way valves
Open when pressure is greater in ventricles than blood vessels
Tell me 2 things about AV valves
Type of valves
And when they open
One way valves
Open when BP is higher in atria than ventricles
EEG stands for?
What is it a graph of?
What is depolarisation and repolarisation?
Electrocardiogram
Graph of electrical activity of the heart
Wave of excitation passing thru heart muscle and repolarisation is relaxation after wave has gone
P?
QRS?
T?
P
QRS
T
What do pressure change graphs show?
Highest pressure is where?
Yh
What are pressure increases caused by?
Yh
What are pressure decreases caused by?
G
What is systole?
What is diastole?
Contraction
Relaxation
Of muscles in heart
Atrial systole? {CC diagram}
VS?
Elastc ecil grapphb
Yh
2nd graph
Atria
Pressure
Diastole
Hdjdkdksk
Heart rate is expressed in?
One beat takes 0.8 secs
Heart rate expressed in beats per min
How many 0.8 seconds in 60 seconds
0.8/60 = 75 bpm
When are SV open?
When are SV closed?
When are AV OPEN?
When av closed?
semi lunar valve open wen ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure
Semilunar valves shut when aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure
Atrioventricular valves shut when ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
Atrioventricular valves open when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure
