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A level Bio - C3 > Animal Transport > Flashcards

Animal Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What type of circulatory systems do earthworms have? How many hearts contract?
What does earthworm blood contain? What does that do?

A

Closed circulatory system blood kept in vessels all times

5 hearts contract to keep blood moving

Has haemoglobin which has affinity for o2
So absorbs o2 and carry’s glass where it’s needed

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2
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have? What does that mean?
How is the blood kept moving in insects?
How does the blood move back into heart?
Why are o2 and carbon c02 not carried in the blood?

A

Open circulatory system = blood kept in haemocol

Blood - dorsal hearts - haemocol (arteries) - Ostia - back to heart

O2 and C02 not in blood bc gases are delivered and removed by tracheoles

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3
Q

What type of CS does a fish have? What does that mean?

What does the CS of a mammal enable?

A

Single closed CS
Within vessels

Humans
Closed - within vessels
Double - blood passes thru heart twice in 1 circulation

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4
Q

Why is double more efficient than single

A

Ensures separarte circulation to lungs - can maintain higher pressure to rest of body

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5
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4 chambers
2x atria at top
2x ventricles at bottom

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6
Q

What does the atria do?

What does the ventricle do?

A

Atria - veins - ventricles

Vein pumps blood up thru arteries

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7
Q

What does the right side of the heart receive? (2)

What does the left side of the heart receive? (2)

A

Right side of Heart - deoxygenated blood - pulmonary artery - lungs

Left side of heart -
Oxygenated blood from lungs - pulmonary vein - body organs

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8
Q

What does the arteries do? (3)

A

Blood away from heart (excl. pull artery)
Thick layer - connective tissue on outide = resist high pressure

Middle layer - thick and of elastic tissue

Arteries swell as blood enters and elastically recoil = maintains pressure

Lumen - narrow = maintain pressure

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9
Q

What does capillaries do?

A

Single endothelium
Site of exchange
Short diff pathway to tissue fluid

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10
Q

What do veins do?

A

Blood towards heart (excl pul vein)
Wide lumen - blood flow not impeded
Valves - prevent backflow of blood
Thin walls with less elastic tissue

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11
Q

Draw and label artery (4)

A

Fui

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12
Q

Draw and label vein (4)

A

Tu

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13
Q

Draw and label capillary

A

Jk

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14
Q

What do both arteries and veins have ?

A

Same layers

But diff thicknesses depending on function and pressure in vessel

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15
Q

What is the outer coat AKA?
What is it made of ?
Is it thicker in A or V and why?

A

Outer coat - tunica externa
Connective tissue
Thicker in arteries to resist high BP

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16
Q 
Middle layer AKA?
Large arteries have ?
Smaller arterioles have?
Veins 
Endothelium
Lumen in artery 
Lumen in vein
A

middle layer = tunica media consists of muscle and elastic tissue,

large arteries lot of elastic tissue = elastic
recoil happens

Smaller arterioles = have more muscle to control blood flow to capillaries

Veins = layer is smaller bc blood carried under low pressure

Endothelium = single layer of cells = smooth lining to vessels

Lumen in Artery - narrow to maintain
pressure

Lumen in vein - wide so low pressure blood flow not impeded

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17
Q

What do capillaries have?

Lumen ?

A

Capillaries have single layer of endothelial cells -> short diff pathway

Lumen is smaller than RBC so that erythrocytes have to squeeze thru slowing flow to allow more time for diffusion

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18
Q

What does cardiac cycle mean

A

Events in one complete heart beat

19
Q

What are the stage of CC?

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole

20
Q

Heart beats myognically, what does that mean?

A

Events are initiated within heart muscle itself

21
Q

What is the atrial systole?
What happens to the muscular walls? (3)
What happens to the semi lunar valves? (2)
What happens to the atrioventricular valves?

A

AS = SAN located in right atrium initiates wave of excitation across both atria
Causes muscle to contract and push blood in ventricles thru atrioventricular valves

Muscles contract and volume of atria reduces so pressure increases pushing blood into ventricles

Semi lunar valves closed as pressure in arteries is higher than that in ventricles - r relaxed

ATRIOventiricular valves open allowing blood to pass into ventricles

22
Q

What is cannot the excitation wave pass into ventricular walls? [VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE]
What does the AVN do? (3)
What does Bundle of His do?
What does the bundle branch into?
What does Purkinje fibres do?
Increase in BP happens when?
Ventricular pressure is ______ than aortic pressure
What is blood forced through?
What does the bicuspid/tricuspid prevent?

A

Excitation wave cannot pass into the ventricular walls as it is blocked by a thin layer of connective tissue
↓ Atrioventricular node (AVN) at the bottom of the wall separating atria delays the impulse, then relays the impulse to the septum between the ventricles. Allows the atria to empty completely before ventricles contract.
↓ Bundle of His conducts impulse to the apex of the heart
↓ Bundle branches into Purkinje Fibres which carry the wave of excitation upwards through the ventricle muscle
↓ Ventricles contract from the base upwards, causes increase in blood pressure
↓ Ventricular pressure higher than aortic pressure
↓ Blood forced through semilunar valves into arteries (aorta/pul artery)
↓ Bicuspid/tricuspid valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria

23
Q

What happens after VS? [DIASTOLE]
What happens to pressure as the ventricles relax?
What happens when the muscles relax?
Where does blood flow from?

A

All cardiac muscles relax in atria and ventricles
Pressure falls in ventricles = SL Valves close
Pressure falls in atria = AV valves open

Blood flows from veins thru atria, AV valves and into ventricles

24
Q

Why do AV open?
Why do SLV close?
Why does blood move to the heart and into circulation?

A

AV VALVES OPEN so blood flows thru to ventricles

25
Q

The _____ the blood has to be pushed the _____ the pressure that is generated and the ______ muscle.
Artia Eg
Rv EG
LV eg

A

The blood moves through the heart and into circulation because of pressure changes.
The further the blood has to be pushed the larger the pressure that is generated and
the thicker the muscle. The atria only have to move blood into the ventricles and
have a thin muscle layer. The right ventricle moves the blood to the lungs and has
thicker muscle than the atria. The left ventricle has very thick muscle as blood must
be moved around the whole body.

26
Q

Ventricles

A

B

27
Q

Smaller vessels

A

Pressure drops

28
Q

Capillaries

A

Pressure lost

29
Q

Ventiles

A

Educación
Describe pressure change in ventricles
Describe pressure changes in smaller vessels
Describe pressure changes in capillaries
Describe pressure changes in venules and veins

30
Q

Why does pulmonary circulation have much lower pressure?

A

Because right side of heart has thinner muscle than left

31
Q

What are the 2 valves in the heart?

A

AV valves between atria and ventricles

SV valves between ventricles and arteries

32
Q

Tell me 2 things about SL valves
What type of valves are they ?
When do they open?

A

One way valves

Open when pressure is greater in ventricles than blood vessels

33
Q

Tell me 2 things about AV valves
Type of valves
And when they open

A

One way valves

Open when BP is higher in atria than ventricles

34
Q

EEG stands for?
What is it a graph of?
What is depolarisation and repolarisation?

A

Electrocardiogram
Graph of electrical activity of the heart
Wave of excitation passing thru heart muscle and repolarisation is relaxation after wave has gone

35
Q

P?
QRS?
T?

A

P
QRS
T

36
Q

What do pressure change graphs show?

Highest pressure is where?

A

Yh

37
Q

What are pressure increases caused by?

A

Yh

38
Q

What are pressure decreases caused by?

A

G

39
Q

What is systole?

What is diastole?

A

Contraction
Relaxation
Of muscles in heart

40
Q

Atrial systole? {CC diagram}
VS?
Elastc ecil grapphb

A

Yh

41
Q

2nd graph
Atria
Pressure
Diastole

A

Hdjdkdksk

42
Q

Heart rate is expressed in?

A

One beat takes 0.8 secs
Heart rate expressed in beats per min
How many 0.8 seconds in 60 seconds

0.8/60 = 75 bpm

43
Q

When are SV open?
When are SV closed?
When are AV OPEN?
When av closed?

A

semi lunar valve open wen ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure

Semilunar valves shut when aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure

Atrioventricular valves shut when ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure

Atrioventricular valves open when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure

A level Bio - C3 (2 decks)

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