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Biology GCSE > Animal Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Animal Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A
  • basic building blocks of all organisms
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2
Q

What are tissues?

A
  • group of cells with similar structure and function
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3
Q

What are organs?

A
  • aggregations of tisssues performing specific functions
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4
Q

What are organ systems?

A
  • work together to form organisms
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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

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6
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A
  • enzymes have active site that only binds to 1 substrate
  • forms enzyme-substrate complex
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7
Q

How do digestive enzymes work?

A
  • break down substrate into smaller molecules
  • food into smaller molecules = absorbed into bloodstream
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8
Q

How do enzymes build new carbohydrates/ proteins/ lipids?

A
  • catalyse reaction to join small molecules together
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9
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • proteins folded into ball-like shape
  • held together by chemical bonds
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10
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

A
  • extreme temperature/ pH changing shape of enzyme
  • active site changes shape
  • substrate no longer fits in active site
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11
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

A
  • 40C
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12
Q

Why does increasing the temperature increase the rate of reaction? (until the optimal temp.)

A
  • provides more kinetic energy to molecules
  • collide and react more frequently
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13
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A
  • optimum pH = highest activity
  • extreme pH = denature
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14
Q

What does amylase do?

A
  • breaks starch down into glucose
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15
Q

What does protease do?

A
  • breaks protein down into amino acids
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16
Q

What does lipase do?

A
  • break lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids
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17
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • wall of small intestine
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18
Q

Where is protease produced?

A
  • wall of stomach
  • pancreas
  • wall of small intestine
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19
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A
  • pancreas
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20
Q

What does bile do and where is it made?

A
  • made in liver
  • stored in gall bladder
  • released through bile duct into small intestine
  • neutralises hydrochloric acid in partially digested food
  • emulsifies fats to from small droplets = increases SA
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21
Q

How do you test for sugar?

A
  • mix food with few cm^3 of Benedict’s solution
  • heat it
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22
Q

Describe the positive result for the Benedict’s solution for sugar

A
  • blue -> orange-red precipitate
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23
Q

Describe the positive test result for starch

A
  • orange brown -> blue-black solution
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24
Q

How do you test for starch?

A
  • add few drops of iodine solution into food
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25
Q

How do you test for protein?

A
  • mix food with few cm^3 of Biuret reagent
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26
Q

Describe the positive test result for protein

A
  • blue to purple
27
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A
  • shake food with ethanol
  • pour into water
28
Q

Describe the positive test result for lipids

A
  • clear solution -> emulsion forms as cloudy white layer
29
Q

How do you reduce the risk of scalding from hot steam and spilling hot water while heating the Benedict’s test?

A
  • keeping water temp. below 60C
  • standing up while heating
30
Q

How is continuous sampling used to measure the time taken for amylase to digest a starch?

A
  • amylase, starch and buffer solution heated in water bath
  • every 30 secs sample mixture into spotting tile
  • add drop of iodine solution
  • observe change of colour (blue-black to orange-brown)
31
Q

Describe what happens when the heart pumps

A

1) deoxygenated blood from body enters right atrium through vena cava
2) right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery (for gas exchange)
3) oxygenated blood from lungs enter left atrium through pulmonary vein
4) left atrium contracts and left ventricle contract, sends oxygenated blood to rest of body via aorta

valves between atria and ventricles and veins to prevent backflow

32
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A
  • blood flows through heart twice during one complete circulation
33
Q

What do pacemaker cells do and what is used to correct irregularities in heart rate?

A
  • sends electrical impulses to heart to contract
  • artificial pacemakers = correct irregularities in heart rate
34
Q

What do arteries do and how are they adapted?

A
  • carry blood at high pressure away from heart
  • narrow lumen - maintains pressure
  • elastic fibres in walls to stretch and recoil to maintain pressure
  • thick walls resist bursting
  • no valves - high pressure keeps blood moving
35
Q

What do capillaries do and how are they adapted to their function?

A
  • exchange of substances in cells
  • very narrow lumen - keeps RBC close to tissue cells
  • very thin walls - minimises diffusion distance
  • no valves
36
Q

What do veins do and how are they adapted to their function?

A
  • carry blood at a low pressure to heart
  • large lumen - little resistance to blood flow
  • relatively thin walls - low pressure
  • valves - prevents backflow of low pressure blood

doesn’t always have to be deoxygenated - see pulmonary vein

37
Q

Describe ventilation

A
  • trachea leads to two bronchi
  • divides into bronchioles, into air sacs - alveoli
  • intercoastal muscles contract + relax to move air in and out of airways
38
Q

How do alveoli work during gas exchange?

A
  • surrounded by network of capillaries - steep concentration gradient
  • high conc. of CO2 and low conc. of O2
  • CO2 diffuses out of blood O2 diffuses into blood
39
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • large SA - alveoli has folded surfaces
  • short diffusion pathway - alveoli wall + capillary wall = one cell thick
  • steep concentration gradient maintained by good blood supply and ventilation
40
Q

What is blood made of?

A
  • plasma
  • platelets
  • RBC
  • WBC

blood is a tissue

41
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A
  • transporting substances around body
  • digested food
  • waste products = **urea, CO2 **
  • transported to kidneys for excretion
42
Q

What is the function of red blood cells and how are the adapted to it?

A
  • carry oxygen
  • haemoglobin binds to oxygen in lungs
  • biconcave disc = increases SA for diffusion of oxygen
  • small and flexible = squeeze through capillaries
  • no nucleus = increases space for carrying oxygen
43
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • defence against infection
  • recognises non-self cells
  • phagocytes engulf microorganisms
  • lymphocytes produce antibodies
44
Q

What are platelets and what is the function of platelets?

A
  • fragments of cells
  • aids blood clotting
  • traps cells to plug holes in damaged blood vessels
45
Q

What is coronary heart disease caused by?

A
  • fatty material building up in coronary arteries
  • narrows arteries, reducing blood flow
  • insufficient oxygen reaches heart = heart attack/ damage to heart
46
Q

How can coronary heart disease be treated?

A
  • statins = drug reduces blood cholesterol levels (slows buildup in arteries)
  • stents = wire-mesh tube supports artery
  • mechanical/ biological valves (cow/ pig valves)
  • donor heart transplant
  • artificial heart used to keep patient alive while waiting for transplant/ allows heart to rest = recovery
47
Q

What are the drawbacks of each type of treatment for coronary heart disease?

A
  • transplants = rejection (drugs taken to suppress immune system)
  • artificial valves = greater risk of blood clots, becomes faulty
  • statins = digestion problems/ liver damage
48
Q

What is health?

A
  • the state of a person’s physical and mental wellbeing
49
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A
  • diseases that can be transferred from one person to another
50
Q

What are pathogens?

A
  • disease causing microorganisms
51
Q

How can diseases interact?

A
  • defects in immune system = more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
  • viruses living in cells = trigger for cancers
  • immune reactions caused by pathogen = trigger allergies (skin rash, asthma)
  • severe physical ill health - lead to depression/ mental illness
52
Q

How do scientists study disease in populations?

A
  • random sample in population
  • avoid bias
  • larger sample = more representative
  • all other risk factors = controlled
53
Q

What are lifestyle factors?

A
  • the way people live their lives
  • eg diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol intake
54
Q

What is obesity a risk factor for and why?

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • cells of overweight people = less sensitive to insulin
  • blood sugar levels = not controlled
55
Q

What is alcohol intake a risk factor for?

A
  • poor liver + brain function
  • cirrhosis of liver
  • memory loss, pernament brain damage
56
Q

What is smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for?

A
  • premature birth
  • low birthweight
  • abnormal facial features + problems in brain + nervous system
57
Q

What are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • diet (high energy foods)
  • lack of exercise (associated with obesity - buildup of fatty deposits)
  • chemicals from smoking damage arteries + high blood pressure
58
Q

What are the effects of smoking on the lungs?

A
  • lung cancer = carcinogens in cigarette smoke
  • lung disease = toxins damage walls of airways and alveoli (reduced oxygen exchange = shortness of breath)
59
Q

What are genetics a risk factor for?

A
  • inherited mutations = higher risk of some cancers
60
Q

What are carcinogens a risk factor for?

what are they?

A
  • chemical or physical agent that can cause the development of cancer in some cells
  • eg asbestos, ionising radiation, UV light
61
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A
  • uncontrolled growth and division of cells
62
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A
  • can detach and invade neighbouring tissues (metastasis)
  • squeeze through capillary walls
  • move into blood stream, gets carried to different part of body
  • enter other tissues -> divide form secondary tumours
63
Q

What are begnign tumours?

A
  • growths of abnormal cells that do not invade other parts of the body
  • contained in 1 area, usually surrounded by membrane
  • removed by surgery

health risks = lower than malignant tumours

Biology GCSE (13 decks)

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