animal tissues Flashcards
what are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function and is building blocks of organs and organ systems??
tissues
what are the functions of tissues?
- building blocks of organs and organ systems
- provide structure, support and have specialized function
what are the 4 types of animals tissue?
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
what type of tissue that is closely positioned polygonal cells and With little or no intercellular materials in between?
epithelial tissue
epithelial tissue form what?
body surfaces and form glands
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
1.) protects the body from infectious agents
2. absorption of nutrients
3 sensation
what are characteristics of epithelial cells?
- compactly arranged
- avascular
- form membranes and glands
- associated with a basement membrane &
lamina/tunica propria
layers of loose
connective tissues in mucous membranes
which lines body cavities?
lamina/ tunica propria
draw the structure of epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues are classified according
number of cell layers: simple or stratified
shape of cells on free surface: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
surface specialization: cilia, keratin, goblet cells, brush border
draw the structure of a goblet cell
3 types of epithelium
- simple
2 stratified
3 glandular
types of epithelium that Made up of only 1 layer of cells?
◆ Shapes could either be:
simple epithelium
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar
❖ thin and flat cells of irregular
outline?
❖ cells are fitted together closely
forming continuous sheet?
simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous are found in?
- endothelium of blood vessels,
alveoli of lungs - mesothelium that covers the
body cavities & internal
organs (lung, heart)
box or cube-shaped cells
❖ characteristic of linings of
the kidneys and some parts
of the lungs (terminal
bronchioles, type 2 alveolar
cells)
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple cuboidal are found in?
ovary
cylindrical, tall, and narrow
cells
❖ with goblet cells that
secrete mucus
❖ striated borders
simple columnar epithelium
simple columnar are found in
stomach, intestines, gall bladder
Made of more than 1 layer of cells?
◆ According to the shape of its topmost layer, it
can either be:
stratified epithelium
- squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
-transitional
-pseudostratified
◆ Can either be:
- keratinized (e.g. dry
surfaces of the skin)
- non-keratinized (e.g.
those found in wet surfaces such
as oral cavity, pharynx, etc)
◆ has protective function due to
its multi layer
stratified squamous epithelium
what layer gives additional protection from bacterial infection. desiccations and breakage?
keratin layer
not common
◆ Found in excretory ducts of
salivary, sweat, mammary,
pancreatic glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium
not common
◆ found in:
ocular conjunctiva
male urethra
salivary, pancreatic, sweat
gland ducts
stratified columnar
lines the urinary bladder,
ureter, & upper part of
urethra
◆ cells can change in form
depending on the degree
of distension of the bladder
transitional epithelium
what happened when the bladder is relaxed to thin______? ________ when full
thick columnar or cuboidal (thin)
squamous (full)
◆ cells where nuclei are
positioned in different levels
◆ gives impression that the
membrane is composed of more
than 1 layer
pseudostratified epithelium
pseudostratified is found in?
respiratory tract
formed by cells specialized to produce
secretion molecules
glandular epithelium
glandular epithelium is classified according to?
- number of cells
- morphology or shape
- histological characteristics
- presence/absence of excretory ducts
- integrity of secretory cells
(made of
isolated glandular
glands) such as
Goblet cells
unicellular
(made
of cluster of cells)
multicellular
(with only 1 unbranched duct)
- sweat and gastric gland
simple
(ducts that repeatedly branch)
- salivary and pancreatic glands
compound
(with sac- like structure that invaginates)
- mammary gland
saccular
what are 3 histological characteristic and give examples?
serous (parotid and lacrimal glands)
mucous (sublingual glands)
mixed serous mucus ( submandibular & lingual glands)
secretes substances directly into the
bloodstream ? found in?
endocrine, beta cells
with ducts?
exocrine
glands secreting sebum
glands secreting milk
sebaceous glands
mammary glands
(cells that suffer complete destruction
in the process of secretion) found in what gland?
holocrine, sebaceous glands
(cells that suffer partial destruction in
the process of secretion) found in?
apocrine, mammary glands
(integrity of the cells is maintained) found in?
merocrine, sweat glands
Consists of the actual connective tissue cells,
protein fibers
connective tissue
function for connective tissue?
support
protection
transport
insulation
tissue repair
hematopoiesis
immunologic reactions
what are protein fibers in connective tissue?
collagen and elastin
predominantly made up of
type I collagen
◆ most abundant in the
human body (90% of total
collagen)
collagenous connective tissue
◆ Found in loose Connective T in the
_______ (in skin), dense
regular CT in
___________, &
dense irregular CT in
________(in bone), &
ligaments
fasciae, tendons, periosteum
primarily formed by type III
collagen (fibrillar type of
collagen)
◆ Major component of hollow
organs such as blood
vessels, uterus, etc
reticular connective tissue
serves as a supporting framework of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs?
type 3 collagen
primarily formed by type
II collagen (major
component of cartilage) and is not easily visualized in microscope?
elastic connective tissue
Elastic CT contains?
retractile fibers with elastic
what Connective Tissues With Special Properties that is for For insulation, fat storage,
mechanical support?
adipose connective tissue
what Connective Tissues With Special Properties that is Found in pulp of young teeth
& in the umbilical cord
mucous ct
blood and lymph are important for?
transport of nutrients
gas exchange
homeostasis
immunity
waste removal
hormonal transport
has a rigid
matrix but is still pliable &
elastic due to collagen &
elastic fibers
◆ provides structural support &
a degree of flexibility
◆ avascular
cartilage
what do u call the cartilage of joints, ribs, nose, airways?
hyaline
what do u call the cartilage of ear, epiglottis, parts of the larynx
elastic cartilage
what do u call the cartilage in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis,
menisci of the knee, temporomandibular joint?
fibrocartilage
is a rigid form of connective tissue composed of cells and serves to protect the cranial and thoracic cavities?
bone
bone is composed of what cells?
osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclast
primary tissue for locomotion
◆ characteristically elongated as an adaptation for
contraction
muscular tissue
(cytoplasm of the muscle fiber)
- fibrillar due to the myofibrils (rod-like organelles)
sarcoplasm
◆ very long, cylindrical,
multinucleated cells
◆ capable of quick and
forceful contractions that
are usually voluntary
◆ attached to bones
skeletal muscle
elongated, branched
individual cells parallel to
each other
◆ capable of involuntary,
vigorous, rhythmic
contractions
◆ adjacent cells are connected
by intercalated disks
◆ in the heart
cardiac muscle
◆ collection of cells that do
not show cross-striations
◆ largest at midpoint & tapers
toward the end (fusiform)
◆ low contraction
◆ involuntary
◆ in digestive tubes/intestines
smooth muscle
functions to receive
information from the
environment or other
nerve cells
◆ process information
◆ send information to
other neurons or effector
tissues
nervous tissue
carry information obtained
from the interior of the body and the
environment to the central nervous system (CNS)
sensory neurons
carry impulses from the CNS to
effector organs commanded by these centers
b. Motor neurons
dopamine as neurotransmitter
dopaminergic
serotonin as neurotransmitter?
serotonergic
glutamate as neurotransmitter?
glutametergic
acetylcholine as neurotransmitter?
cholinergic
epinephrine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitter?
adrenergic
(gamma-aminobutyric acid
gaba minergic
