Animal Tissues Flashcards
Which part of epithelial cell gets modified and what are the modifications
Apical part
1.microvilli
2. Villi
3.kinocilia
4.stereo cilia
First phylum to exhibit tissue level of organisation
Cnidaria
Epithelial tissue cells are packed ______
Epithelial tissue nucleus position
Parts of an epithelial cell
1.Set close to eachother
With very less extracellular material in between
2. Central nucleus
3. Basal and apical
Apical end facing
Apical end modifications
1.Outer environment
2. Cilia- kinocilia stereocilia
Villi and microvilli
What is Basement membrane
The acellular part on which the basal part of epithelial cells rest and it is basically in between epithelial tissue and connective tissue
Basement membrane= ______+________
Basal lamina+ reticular lamina
Basal lamina is secreted by
Basal part of epithelium
Basal lamina is composed of
Mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins
Reticular lamina location
Reticular lamina is secteted by
Reticular lamina is composed of
- Below the basal lamina
- Secreted by underlying connective tissue
- Collagen fibres and reticular fibres
Basement membrane composition
It is made up of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins and collagen fibres
And not cells hence acellular.
Basement membrane functions (2)
1.support to epithelial cells- anchorage to cells
2. Nutrient providing to cells via diffusion
Lack of basement membrane can cause-
Tumor cells due to metastasis of cells
The cells move around with no anchorage if basement membrane is absent
How are materials exchanged between epithelial cells?
Who helps in exchange of materials?
diffusion
basement membrane
Classification of epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue : simple and compound
- Simple: squamous
Cuboidal
Ciliated
Columnar
Pseudeostratified - Compound: stratified and transitional
Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Stratified squamous: keratinised and non keratinised
What is pavement epithelium
Why is it called that way?
Simple epithelium
These are closely fit with their neighbouring cells like tiles on floor
What is tessellated epithelium
Why is it called that way?
Simple epithelium
Because it forms the inner lining of lungs and alveoli as tessellation means covering a surface
What makes cuboidal cells different from columnar cells
Cuboidal cells: height < width
Columnar cells : height > width
What is the cells shape of
squamous epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar eptihelium
Polygonal
Polygonal in outline cuboidal in vertical
Pillar like cells in Polygonal columns
Major functions of simple epithelium
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Protection (minor)
What are the major functions of compound epithelium
- Protection
- Has little role in absorption and secretion
Examples of simple squamous epithelium (6)
- Airsacs of alveoli
2.endothelium (inner layer) (like endothelium of blood vessel)
3.lymph vessel
4.outer layer of bowman’s capsule and peripheral part of inner layer of bowman’s capsule
5.mesothelium ( lining of body cavity)
Such as pleura of lungs
Pericardium of heart
Peritoneum of body cavity - Descending limb and thin ascending limb (lower part) of loop of Henley
Bowman’s capsule linings
Squamous : outer layer
Squamous : peripheral part of inner layer
podocytes : inner part of inner layer
Nucleus shape and position of
Squamous
Cuboidal
Coloumnar
nucleus based info:
1.skeletal muscles:
2.female gamete of plasmodium vivax:
Ovoid and central
Round and central
Elongated and basal
1.skeletal muscles: nucleus under sarcolemma
2.female gamete of plasmodium vivax: near feritlisation cone
examples of simple cuboidal epithelium:(8)
- thyroid follicles
- ducts of glands especially sweat glands
3.mammary glands - liver
5.acini part of pancreas
6.iris choroid and ciliary body of nephron - germinal epithelium
germinal epithelium in males and females constituent cells
present in (2)
it is simple cuboidal
in males it lines seminiferous tubules and helps in germ cell productiom
in females it forms the lining of ovary
charecteristic feature of columnar epithelium
consists glandular goblet cells at some spots
goblet cell nucleus vs columnar cell nucleus
goblet cells have a central nucleus
where as columnar cells have elongated and basal nucleus
what are goblet cells?
mucus secreting gland cells which are present jn between coloumnar cells at some spots
epithelium with goblet cells is seen in?(5)
1.stomach I ALL THREE WITHOUT VILLI
2.gall bladder I
3.uterus I
4. Mucosa membrane of intestine
5. intestinal gland also called brushborderd gland
has villi on both coloumnar and goblet cells
function of ciliated epithelium
is to move subastances in a direction i.e it facilitates movement by moving
what cells constitute ciliated epithelium?
columnar and cuboidal cells
ciliated cuboidal epithelium is present in? (1)
smaller bronchioles
columnar ciliated epithelium is present in? (4)
trachea/ respiratory tract
central canal
ventricles of brain
fallopian tubes
pseudostratified columnar epithelium constituent cells and basis of classification
columnar cells only
presence or absence of cilia
what are ciliated cells in central canal called
ependymal cells
why pseudostratified? and nucleus info
it is actually single layered but appears to be two layered due to presence of two types of coloumnar cells the short and long the short ones are irregularly developed coloumnar cells and
they have a round nucleus
the long ones do not strictly have nucleus located at the base
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is seen in?(2)
trachea
larger brochioles
non ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is seen in? (3)
urethra
parotid gland
olfactory mucosa
constituent cells of glandular epithelium?
columnar cells or cuboidal cells
basis of classifications for glandular epithelium (4)
- based on no.of cells - unicellular and multicelluar
2.based on presence or absence of ducts - endocrine and exocrine - based on mode of secretion - apocrine merocrine and holocrine
4.based on no.of tubes or branches - simple and compound glands
describe unicellular and multicellular gland
give an example for each
single isolated cell acts as gland in unicellular glands
in multicellular gland a cluster of cells act as gland and the have ducts through which they release their secretion inside the lumen or outside the target organ
example of unicellular gland: goblet cells of intestinal region
examples of multicellular gland are many glands
what is the secretion of goblet cells and describe the secretion?
mucus
it is slimy and proteinaceous
what is the function of mucus
mucus forms a protein coat and protects the walls of stomach from corrosive effect of hcl
what kind of proteins is mucus made up of?
glycoproteins
describe and distinguish endocrine and exocrine glands
endocrine and exocrine glands are classified on basis of presence or absence of ducts
ducts present - exocrine
ducts absent - endocrine
where endocrine glands present and where do they deliver their secretions?
endocrine glands are present bathed in body fluids
they release their secretions directly into the fluid medium
what are the secretions of endocrine glands?
hormones and other secretory chemicals
what are some examples of endocrine glands? (10)
1.hypothalamus
2 .pitutary
3. parathyroid
4.thyroid
5.adrenal
6.pancreas
7.ovaries
8.testes
9.pineal
10.thymus
describe and distinguish glands classified based on mode of secretion
- merocrine : no loss of cellular material when secretion takes place
- apocrine : loss of apical part of the cellular material along with the secretion
- holocrine : total cellular material loss along with the secretion
merocrine glands are also called as?
acrine glands
merocrine examples?
mnemonic M PSIS
secretion mechanism
pancreas
salivary gland
intestinal gland
sweat gland
movement of vesicle to apical and vesicle fuses with the membrane
apocrine examples?
mnemonic A MA
mechanism of secretion
mammary gland
axillary sweat gland (underarm)
pinching off of vesical along with the apical part
holocrine examples
Mnemonic H S
mechanism of secretion
sebaceous glands
cells ready to secrete will slowly detach with their neighbouring cells and disintegrate to release their secretions
some glyco proteinaceous components (9)
1.basal lamina
2. erythropoeitin
3. mucus
4.Immunoglobulins
5.interferons
6.zona pellucida
7.fsh
8.LH
9.TSH
heterocrine gland examples
pancreas and gonads
exocrine part of pancreas is called ________ and secretes _____
endocrine part of pancreas is called __________ and secretes ________(4)
- acini - pancreatic juice
- islets of langerhans - insulin and glucagon
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin
what is a simple gland?
single unbranched duct arranged either in form of tubes or sacs and is composed of epithelial cells may or maynot be branched
simple tubular glands examples(1)
crypts of liberkhun
simple coiled tubular gland examples(1)
swat gland / sudorific gland
simple alveolar gland (2)
arranged in sacs
1.mucous glands in frog or amphibia
2.poisonous glands in toad
branched tubular glands (1)
gastric glands in stomach : compose of different cells that can make different secretions all the secretions are collected in gastric pit.
branched alveolar gland (1)
sebaceous glands
what are the types of glands sebaceous glands can be classified into
1.holocrine
2.branched alveolar gland
types of compound glands? (3)
compound tubular gland
compound alveolar glands
compound tubulo-alveolar glands
compound tubular gland examples
mammary glands of prototherians
what are prototherians
proto: primitive
theria: placenta
primitive placental animals
compound alveolar glands
submandibular glands
submaxillary/sublingual glands’
compound tubulo alveolar glands
mnemonic : mppcb
mammary glands
pancreas
parotid gland
cowpers gland
bartholian glands
type of epithelium seen in parotid gland ‘
what type of gland is parotid gland?
non ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium
compound tubulo alveolar gland
what is compound epithelium?
epithelium with more than one layer of cells
compound epithelium is classified into?
stratified and transitional epithelium
basis of classification of compound epithelium
based on the ability to stretch or stretchability
stratified - non stretchable
transistional - stretchable
stratified epithelium further classified into
stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous
basis of classification of stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium is again classified into keratinised and non keratinised based on presence of a dead protein called keratin
describe keratin
dead
protein
impermeable to water
protective in nature
stratified cuboidal examples:(2)
ducts of pancreas
ducts of salivary gland
types of epithelium that can be seen in duct
simple and stratified cuboidal epithelium
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is seen in (2)
dry surface of skin
vagina is initially keratinised
what are the cell layers seen in compound epithelium
upper layers can be squamous or cuboidal or coloumnar
it decides the type of epithelium
middle layer has polugonal or pearshaped cells
bottom layer is either cuboidal or columnar based on the location
bottom layer of skin is made up of tissue
stratum germinativum
what is the bottom layer of skin made up of and what is it called
coloumnar cells and it is called as epidermis
non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is seen in (5)
1.buccal cavity
2.pharynx
3.oesophagus
4.vagina
5.cornea
transitional epithelium is also called as
urothelium as it is present in excretory system
examples of transitional epithelium
1.renal pelvis
2.calyces
3.ureter
4.urinary bladder
5.proximal part of the urethra
characteristic feature of transitional epithelium
stretchability - it can change its size based in the presence or absence of medium
what are cell junctions
structural and functional links between cells that aid in cell to cell communication
types of cell junctions
tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions
tight junctions are seen in (1)
functions of tight junctions
sweat glands
to prevent leakage of substances from cells
what is zonula occludens
it is a type of tight junction where zonula is a protein
gap junctions are seen in (3)
function of gap junction
i) cardiac muscle - the half moon shaped intercalated discs of cardiac muscles have gap junctions
facilitates movement between cardiac muscles bi directionally
ii)single unit of smooth muscle
iii) inner cell mass of 8 celled stage of zygote
what are the substances that move across cardiac muscle (3)
small ions
some big molecules
nerve impulses
intercellular digitation:
seen in:
membrane is extended into finger like structures
placenta
adhering junctions also known as
anchoring junction
what are the cell layers seen in compound epithelium
upper layers can be squamous or cuboidal or coloumnar
it decides the type of epithelium
middle layer has polugonal or pearshaped cells
bottom layer is either cuboidal or columnar based on the location
function of adhering junctions
it keeps the neighbouring cells together
which is the most abundant tissue??
connective tissue
fate of intercellular matrix in connective tissue
it is abundant and non living
function of connective tissue
it ensures are organs are positioned without any dislocation by filling the space around organs and preventing their movement
connective tissue is classified into
connective tissue proper and specialised connective tissue
connective tissue proper is further classified into
loose and dense connective tissues
what falls under specialised connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
and fluid connective tissue
loose connective tissue consists of
areolar tissue and adipose tissue
dense connective tissue consists of
dense regular and dense irregular tissues
tendon and ligament fall under
dense regular connective tissue
skeletal connective tissue consists of
bone and cartilage
most abundant connective tissue in animal body
aerolar tissue
what is aerolar tissue?
the tissue which joins skin to muscles
where is areolar tissue present?
beneath the skin, around muscles,blood vessels and nerves
types of cells present in areolar tissue
1.fibroblasts
2.macrophages
3.mast cells
4.mesenchymal cells
5.plasma cells
fibroblasts function is to ______________
secrete fibres which form the matrix
types of fibres
white collagen fibres
yellow elastic fibres
(type III collagen )reticular fibres
which is the most abundant intercellular matrix in animal kingdom
collagen
branched or unbranched
collagen:
elastic:
reticular:
unbranched
branched
branched’
elastic fibres are seen in :
blood vessels
elastic fibre composition in veins and arteries
in veins one layer of elastic fibres are present
in arteries two layers of elastic fibres are present
what are reticular fibres
network like type III collagen surrounded by reticulin protein
what are mesenchymal cells
these are a type of stem cells which later get converted into
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
and chondroblasts
what is the funvtion of macrophages
they are phagocytic in nature
what is the function of mast cells
they secrete histamine heparin and serotonin
what is histamine?
it is a vasodilator and an inflammatory substance produced as a response to allergic reaction
what is heparin?
mucopolysaccharide and anticoagulant
what is serotonin?
vasoconstrictor
which two of the secretions of mast cells can act as both inhibitory and excitatory
serotonin and histamine
plasma cells function
secretes antibodies or immunoglobulins
which is the fat storing connective tissue
adipose tissue
what are the constituent cells of fat storing tissue
and what is their shape
fat cells or adipocytes
spherical or oval in shape
functions of fat storing tissue
synthesise store and metabolise fat
fat reservoir
shock absorber
where is fat storing tissue present?(6)
beneath the skin
around kidneys
heart
eye
bone marrow
in mesenteries
white fat vs brown fat
less mitochondria single fat droplet white fat
more mitochondria many small fat droplets brown fat
where is brown fat seen? (2)
new born babies
hibernating animals
where is white fat seen?
adults
yellow bone marrow
blubber
camel hump
dense connective tissue vs loose connective tissue
loose connective tissue has less fibres and more matrix
dense connective tissue has more fibes and less matrix
basis of clasiffication for dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue
the pattern formed by the fibres and fibroblasts which are packed in the matrix
tendons are made up of
whIte collagen fibres
tendons link _____ to _______
bone to muscle
ligaments are made up of
yellow collagen fibres and elasric fibres
ligaments link ______ to _______
bone to bone
____________ tissue forms supportive framework
____________ tissue forms internal frame work
areolar connective tissue
skeletal connective tissue
dense irregular tissue is seen in
skin and covering of organs
cartilage is made up of
hard and pliable avascular matrix
white collagen and yellow fibres
chondroblast, chondroclast and chondrocyte cells
what are
immature cells of cartilage and bone
mature cells of cartilage and bone
macrophages of cartilage and bone
- chondroblast and osteoblasts
- chondrocytes and osteocytes
- chondroclasts and osteoclasts
what does matrix of cartilage contain
1.hyaluronic acid
2. sulphate b phosphate also called chondrin (protein)
what is the function of chondroblasts
chondrocytes
chondroclasts
chondroblasts and chondrocytes release matrix of cartilage for growth
chondroclasts are responsible for resorption of embryonic cartilage
position of chondroblast osteoblast and chondrocytes
chondroblast in outer periphery of cartilage
chondrocyte are present in lacuna of cartilage
difference between chondroblast and chondrocyte
chondroblasts are immature and dividing cells
chondrocytes are mature and non dividing cells
what is embryonic cartilage and what is its fate
hyaline cartilage it gets converted into bone after birth - the process is called resorption
what is the vascular part of cartilage
perichondrium - the covering of cartilage
it is made up of dense irregular white fibrous connective tissue
types of cartilage and characteristic feature
hyaline cartilage - most abundant and translucent
matrix w collagen fibres
elastin - matrix w yellow elastin fibres
fibrous - strongest and contain thick collagen fibres in matrix
only to lack perichondrium
examples of hyaline cartilage
- c shape cartilage of upper respiratory tract
2.septum of nose - larynx
- coastal rib cartilage
5.articulating cartilage
5.epiphyseal cartilage
examples of elastic cartilage
- tip of nose
2.epiglottis
3.pinna of ear
4.eustachian tube of ear
fibrous examples
1.intervertebral discs
2.pubic symphysis
bone is made up of
hard and non pliable matrix
collagen fibres
osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte cells
components and composition of bone matrix
components : organic (30-40%)
protien : ossein
fibres
ground substance : hyaluronic acid and chondrin 4
sulphate
inorganic (60-70%)
calcium carbonate 10%
clacium phosphate 85%
calcium hydroxide + mg k f ions = 5%
what is the function of osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteocytes release matrix of cartilage for growth
osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of bone to maintain blood calcium levels
position of osteoblast and osteocytes
osteoblast in outer periphery of cartilage
osteocytes are present in lacuna of cartilage
difference between osteoblast and osteocyte
osteoblasts are immature and dividing cells
osteocytes are mature and non dividing cells
difference in cartilage and bone
- catilage lacune can contain more than one chondrocytes\but bone lacunae has only one osteocyte
2.collagen fibres are irregular in cartilage
but circular in bone - osteoblasts are present on both outer and inner periphery in bone
whereas chondroblasts in cartilage are present only on outer periphery
Types of bones and respective examples
1.replacing/cartilagenous bones
limbs,girdle etc;
2. dermal bone/membranous bones
skull, facial bone etc;
3. sesmoid bone
formed by osscification of tendon
patella bone
types of muscles
- skeletal muscle
- cylindrical
-unbranched
-multinucleated
-striated
-voluntary - smooth muscle
-spindle shaped
-unbranched
-uni nucleated
- no striations
-involuntary
3.cardiac muscle
-cylimdrical
-branched
- uninucleated
-striated
-involuntary
smooth muscle example
single unit smooth muscle : all organs
multi unit smooth muscle : wall of large blood vessels
errector pilloram muscles of hair and skin
iris and ciliary muscles of eyes
cardiac muscle
present only in heart
has gap junctions with intercalated discs
contracts as a single unit
nervous tissue classification
it contains neurons and glial cells
neurons
help in conduction of impulses
has excitability feature
does not divide
longest cells
glial cells
supporting cells to neurons
help neurons in packing,nutrition,protection,repair
types of glial cells
- Schwann cells - form myelin sheath in PNS
- oligodendrocyte cells - form myelin sheath in CNS
3.microglial cells - phagocytic cells - astrocyte cells - provide nutrition to neurons and acts as brain-blood barrier
endoskeleton of cockroach
chitinous plates called sclerites
sclerite structure
dorsal terga
ventral sterna
lateral pleuron
tego sternal muscles that connects terga and sterna
arthroidal memberane at four corners of a sclerite
tergo sternal muscle funvtion
support and helps in respiration
arthroidal membrane function
joins one sclerite to another
covering of prothorax is calles
pronotum
segmentation of cockroach body
head 6segs in embryo and single segment in adult
thorax three segments in both embryo and adult
abdomen 11 segments in embryo but 10 in bothe male adn female adult
mouth parts
biting and chewing type
1.labrum upper lip
2.labium lower lip
3.hypopharynx tongue
4.maxilla pair sensory pulp w segments
5.mandible pair chitinous teeth facilitate biting and chewing
sensory structures
a pair of simple eyes called as ocelli (vestigial)
a pair of compound eyes (vision)
a pair of filiform antennae (sensing environment)
maxillary palps
labial palps
position of head
hypognathus : present at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body
antenna
paired and segmented
helps in maintaining the environment
unit of compound eyes and type of vision in cockroaches
ommatidia are ubit of compund eyes of cockroach and the vision seen in cockroach is mosiac vision
2000 ommatidia per eye are present
hexagon in shape
Image formed in cockroach
apposition image (non overlapping)
segmentation of thorax
prothorax
mesothorax
metathorax
segmentation of cockroach legs
coxa
trocanter
femur
tibia
tarsus = 5 last one is called arolium
legs and wings
each segment of thorax gives rise to a pair of legs
fore wings from mesothorax
and hind wings from metathorax
fore wings and hindwings
fore wings are strong and thick opaque and dark
used for protection
hind wings are light translucent and membranous
are used for flight
anal styles
one pair, unsegmented
present only in male cockroach
present on 9th segmented
helps in copulation
anal cerci
one pair has 15 segments
present in both male and female
present on 10th segments
help in sensation
genital chamber in female
7+8+9 ventral sterna form brood pouch
7th segment is boat shaped and large
anteriorly it bears female gonopore, spermatheca opening and opening of collaterl glands
posteriorly it coontais gonopophysis/chitinious plates
genital chamber in male
ventrally 9 sterna and dorsally 9th and 10th terga together form genital pouch
on anterior dorsally anus is present
on posterior ventrally male genital pore and external genitalia are present
where to where? and origin
foregut
midgut
hindgut
foregut: mouth to gizzard , ectodermal
midgut, endodermal
hindgut: ileum - rectum ectodermal
hepatic cecae
6-8 in umber resent at the junction of foregut and midgut
releases digestive juice that contains carbohydrate,fat and protein digesting enzymes
gizzard is also called as
proventriculus
gizzard function
helps in grinding of food
gizzard anatomy
on outer layer it consists of thick circular muscles and on inner layer it contains 6 chitinous teeth which together help in grinding of food
peritrophic membrane
this is a layer secreted around food by wall of midgut to protecting layer around food which is permeable for enzymes and digested food
Malpighian tubules -
found at the junction of midgut and hind gut
present in 100-150 in number and are excretory in function
rectal papillae
6 rectal papillae are present in rectum for absorption of water
blood of cockroach
heamolymph : contains colourless hameocytes which lack respiratory pigment
heart of cockroach
13 chambered (funnel shaped chambers)
elongated tubular structure
lies along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen
sinuses of haemocoel
pericardial : heart
perivisceral : organs
perineural : nerve cord
chamber description
each chamber has a pair of opening called ostia which supports passing blood on to next chamber except the last pair so 12 pairs of ostia are present (absent in prothoracic region)
and on either sides of each chamber there are muscles called alary muscles except on last chamber
respiratory system in cockroach
tracheal system - network of respiratory tubules that open out through openings called spiracles
no of spiracles
2 pairs in thorax
8 pairs in abdomen
10 pairs in total
exchange of gases
exchange of gases takes place by diffusion at tracheoles
muscles in respiration
terga sternal muscles
contract : expiration
relax: inspiration
tissue present in Malpighian tubules
glandular and columnar ciliated epithelial tissue’
excretory organs in cockroaches
1.fat bodies
2.uricose gland (present only in male)
3.nephrocytes
4.malphigian tubules
1.final excretory product
2.excretory product release by tissue/first absorbed by malpighian tubule
3. mechanism of excretion in malpighian acid
1.uric acid - uricotelic
2. potassium urate
3. potassium urate breaks into potassium bi carbonate and uric acid
uric acid is excreted and ret is reabsorbed
nerve system
9 ganglia
3 ganglia in thorax called supra esophageal ganglia (brain)
6 ganglia in abdomen called sub esophageal ganglia(nerve cord)
nerve cord
double ventral solid nerve cord
testes
3-4 lobed
present in 4-6 segments
open into vas deferens
mushroom gland
6-7 segments
long tubules : storage of nutrition in spermatophore
short tubules: secretes inner layer of spermatophore
seminal vesicles : stores spermatophores
phallic gland and ejaculatory duct
phallic gland : releases outer layer of spermatophore
ejaculatory duct : releases middle layer of spermatophore
external genitalia in male cockroach
right phallomere
left phallomere
ventral phallomere
titllator
pseudopenis
ovary
paired structure
each ovary contains 8 ovarioles : 16 ovarioles in total
spermatheca
paired structure
present in 6th segment
stores sperm
collateral glands
release oothecae : dark reddish brown capsules
no of ootheca released
9-10ootheca are released by a cockroach each ootheca cotains 14-16 eggs
diameter of ootheca
8mm
development of periplaneta americana
paurometabolous development
juvenile stage of p.americana
nymph : look similar to adult
has wing pads but no wings and gonads
no. of moultings for nymph to become adult
13 moultings
