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Zoology > Animal Tissues > Flashcards

Animal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of epithelial cell gets modified and what are the modifications

A

Apical part
1.microvilli
2. Villi
3.kinocilia
4.stereo cilia

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2
Q

First phylum to exhibit tissue level of organisation

A

Cnidaria

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue cells are packed ______
Epithelial tissue nucleus position
Parts of an epithelial cell

A

1.Set close to eachother
With very less extracellular material in between
2. Central nucleus
3. Basal and apical

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4
Q

Apical end facing
Apical end modifications

A

1.Outer environment
2. Cilia- kinocilia stereocilia
Villi and microvilli

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5
Q

What is Basement membrane

A

The acellular part on which the basal part of epithelial cells rest and it is basically in between epithelial tissue and connective tissue

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6
Q

Basement membrane= ______+________

A

Basal lamina+ reticular lamina

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7
Q

Basal lamina is secreted by

A

Basal part of epithelium

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8
Q

Basal lamina is composed of

A

Mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins

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9
Q

Reticular lamina location
Reticular lamina is secteted by
Reticular lamina is composed of

A
  1. Below the basal lamina
  2. Secreted by underlying connective tissue
  3. Collagen fibres and reticular fibres
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10
Q

Basement membrane composition

A

It is made up of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins and collagen fibres
And not cells hence acellular.

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11
Q

Basement membrane functions (2)

A

1.support to epithelial cells- anchorage to cells
2. Nutrient providing to cells via diffusion

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12
Q

Lack of basement membrane can cause-

A

Tumor cells due to metastasis of cells
The cells move around with no anchorage if basement membrane is absent

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13
Q

How are materials exchanged between epithelial cells?
Who helps in exchange of materials?

A

diffusion
basement membrane

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14
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue : simple and compound

  1. Simple: squamous
    Cuboidal
    Ciliated
    Columnar
    Pseudeostratified
  2. Compound: stratified and transitional
    Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal

Stratified squamous: keratinised and non keratinised

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15
Q

What is pavement epithelium
Why is it called that way?

A

Simple epithelium
These are closely fit with their neighbouring cells like tiles on floor

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16
Q

What is tessellated epithelium
Why is it called that way?

A

Simple epithelium
Because it forms the inner lining of lungs and alveoli as tessellation means covering a surface

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17
Q

What makes cuboidal cells different from columnar cells

A

Cuboidal cells: height < width
Columnar cells : height > width

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18
Q

What is the cells shape of
squamous epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar eptihelium

A

Polygonal
Polygonal in outline cuboidal in vertical
Pillar like cells in Polygonal columns

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19
Q

Major functions of simple epithelium

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Protection (minor)
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20
Q

What are the major functions of compound epithelium

A
  1. Protection
  2. Has little role in absorption and secretion
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21
Q

Examples of simple squamous epithelium (6)

A
  1. Airsacs of alveoli
    2.endothelium (inner layer) (like endothelium of blood vessel)
    3.lymph vessel
    4.outer layer of bowman’s capsule and peripheral part of inner layer of bowman’s capsule
    5.mesothelium ( lining of body cavity)
    Such as pleura of lungs
    Pericardium of heart
    Peritoneum of body cavity
  2. Descending limb and thin ascending limb (lower part) of loop of Henley
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22
Q

Bowman’s capsule linings

A

Squamous : outer layer
Squamous : peripheral part of inner layer
podocytes : inner part of inner layer

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23
Q

Nucleus shape and position of
Squamous
Cuboidal
Coloumnar
nucleus based info:
1.skeletal muscles:
2.female gamete of plasmodium vivax:

A

Ovoid and central
Round and central
Elongated and basal
1.skeletal muscles: nucleus under sarcolemma
2.female gamete of plasmodium vivax: near feritlisation cone

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24
Q

examples of simple cuboidal epithelium:(8)

A
  1. thyroid follicles
  2. ducts of glands especially sweat glands
    3.mammary glands
  3. liver
    5.acini part of pancreas
    6.iris choroid and ciliary body of nephron
  4. germinal epithelium
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25
Q

germinal epithelium in males and females constituent cells
present in (2)

A

it is simple cuboidal
in males it lines seminiferous tubules and helps in germ cell productiom
in females it forms the lining of ovary

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26
Q

charecteristic feature of columnar epithelium

A

consists glandular goblet cells at some spots

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27
Q

goblet cell nucleus vs columnar cell nucleus

A

goblet cells have a central nucleus
where as columnar cells have elongated and basal nucleus

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28
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

mucus secreting gland cells which are present jn between coloumnar cells at some spots

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29
Q

epithelium with goblet cells is seen in?(5)

A

1.stomach I ALL THREE WITHOUT VILLI
2.gall bladder I
3.uterus I
4. Mucosa membrane of intestine
5. intestinal gland also called brushborderd gland
has villi on both coloumnar and goblet cells

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30
Q

function of ciliated epithelium

A

is to move subastances in a direction i.e it facilitates movement by moving

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31
Q

what cells constitute ciliated epithelium?

A

columnar and cuboidal cells

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32
Q

ciliated cuboidal epithelium is present in? (1)

A

smaller bronchioles

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33
Q

columnar ciliated epithelium is present in? (4)

A

trachea/ respiratory tract
central canal
ventricles of brain
fallopian tubes

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34
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium constituent cells and basis of classification

A

columnar cells only
presence or absence of cilia

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35
Q

what are ciliated cells in central canal called

A

ependymal cells

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36
Q

why pseudostratified? and nucleus info

A

it is actually single layered but appears to be two layered due to presence of two types of coloumnar cells the short and long the short ones are irregularly developed coloumnar cells and
they have a round nucleus
the long ones do not strictly have nucleus located at the base

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37
Q

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is seen in?(2)

A

trachea
larger brochioles

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38
Q

non ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is seen in? (3)

A

urethra
parotid gland
olfactory mucosa

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39
Q

constituent cells of glandular epithelium?

A

columnar cells or cuboidal cells

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40
Q

basis of classifications for glandular epithelium (4)

A
  1. based on no.of cells - unicellular and multicelluar
    2.based on presence or absence of ducts - endocrine and exocrine
  2. based on mode of secretion - apocrine merocrine and holocrine
    4.based on no.of tubes or branches - simple and compound glands
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41
Q

describe unicellular and multicellular gland
give an example for each

A

single isolated cell acts as gland in unicellular glands
in multicellular gland a cluster of cells act as gland and the have ducts through which they release their secretion inside the lumen or outside the target organ

example of unicellular gland: goblet cells of intestinal region
examples of multicellular gland are many glands

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42
Q

what is the secretion of goblet cells and describe the secretion?

A

mucus
it is slimy and proteinaceous

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43
Q

what is the function of mucus

A

mucus forms a protein coat and protects the walls of stomach from corrosive effect of hcl

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44
Q

what kind of proteins is mucus made up of?

A

glycoproteins

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45
Q

describe and distinguish endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine and exocrine glands are classified on basis of presence or absence of ducts
ducts present - exocrine
ducts absent - endocrine

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46
Q

where endocrine glands present and where do they deliver their secretions?

A

endocrine glands are present bathed in body fluids
they release their secretions directly into the fluid medium

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47
Q

what are the secretions of endocrine glands?

A

hormones and other secretory chemicals

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48
Q

what are some examples of endocrine glands? (10)

A

1.hypothalamus
2 .pitutary
3. parathyroid
4.thyroid
5.adrenal
6.pancreas
7.ovaries
8.testes
9.pineal
10.thymus

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49
Q

describe and distinguish glands classified based on mode of secretion

A
  1. merocrine : no loss of cellular material when secretion takes place
  2. apocrine : loss of apical part of the cellular material along with the secretion
  3. holocrine : total cellular material loss along with the secretion
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50
Q

merocrine glands are also called as?

A

acrine glands

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51
Q

merocrine examples?
mnemonic M PSIS
secretion mechanism

A

pancreas
salivary gland
intestinal gland
sweat gland

movement of vesicle to apical and vesicle fuses with the membrane

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52
Q

apocrine examples?
mnemonic A MA
mechanism of secretion

A

mammary gland
axillary sweat gland (underarm)
pinching off of vesical along with the apical part

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53
Q

holocrine examples
Mnemonic H S
mechanism of secretion

A

sebaceous glands
cells ready to secrete will slowly detach with their neighbouring cells and disintegrate to release their secretions

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54
Q

some glyco proteinaceous components (9)

A

1.basal lamina
2. erythropoeitin
3. mucus
4.Immunoglobulins
5.interferons
6.zona pellucida
7.fsh
8.LH
9.TSH

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55
Q

heterocrine gland examples

A

pancreas and gonads

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56
Q

exocrine part of pancreas is called ________ and secretes _____
endocrine part of pancreas is called __________ and secretes ________(4)

A
  1. acini - pancreatic juice
  2. islets of langerhans - insulin and glucagon
    pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin
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57
Q

what is a simple gland?

A

single unbranched duct arranged either in form of tubes or sacs and is composed of epithelial cells may or maynot be branched

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58
Q

simple tubular glands examples(1)

A

crypts of liberkhun

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59
Q

simple coiled tubular gland examples(1)

A

swat gland / sudorific gland

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60
Q

simple alveolar gland (2)

A

arranged in sacs
1.mucous glands in frog or amphibia
2.poisonous glands in toad

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61
Q

branched tubular glands (1)

A

gastric glands in stomach : compose of different cells that can make different secretions all the secretions are collected in gastric pit.

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62
Q

branched alveolar gland (1)

A

sebaceous glands

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63
Q

what are the types of glands sebaceous glands can be classified into

A

1.holocrine
2.branched alveolar gland

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64
Q

types of compound glands? (3)

A

compound tubular gland
compound alveolar glands
compound tubulo-alveolar glands

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65
Q

compound tubular gland examples

A

mammary glands of prototherians

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66
Q

what are prototherians

A

proto: primitive
theria: placenta
primitive placental animals

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67
Q

compound alveolar glands

A

submandibular glands
submaxillary/sublingual glands’

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68
Q

compound tubulo alveolar glands
mnemonic : mppcb

A

mammary glands
pancreas
parotid gland
cowpers gland
bartholian glands

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69
Q

type of epithelium seen in parotid gland ‘
what type of gland is parotid gland?

A

non ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium
compound tubulo alveolar gland

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70
Q

what is compound epithelium?

A

epithelium with more than one layer of cells

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71
Q

compound epithelium is classified into?

A

stratified and transitional epithelium

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72
Q

basis of classification of compound epithelium

A

based on the ability to stretch or stretchability
stratified - non stretchable
transistional - stretchable

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73
Q

stratified epithelium further classified into

A

stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous

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74
Q

basis of classification of stratified squamous epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium is again classified into keratinised and non keratinised based on presence of a dead protein called keratin

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75
Q

describe keratin

A

dead
protein
impermeable to water
protective in nature

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76
Q

stratified cuboidal examples:(2)

A

ducts of pancreas
ducts of salivary gland

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77
Q

types of epithelium that can be seen in duct

A

simple and stratified cuboidal epithelium

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78
Q

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is seen in (2)

A

dry surface of skin
vagina is initially keratinised

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79
Q

what are the cell layers seen in compound epithelium

A

upper layers can be squamous or cuboidal or coloumnar
it decides the type of epithelium
middle layer has polugonal or pearshaped cells
bottom layer is either cuboidal or columnar based on the location

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80
Q

bottom layer of skin is made up of tissue

A

stratum germinativum

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81
Q

what is the bottom layer of skin made up of and what is it called

A

coloumnar cells and it is called as epidermis

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82
Q

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is seen in (5)

A

1.buccal cavity
2.pharynx
3.oesophagus
4.vagina
5.cornea

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83
Q

transitional epithelium is also called as

A

urothelium as it is present in excretory system

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84
Q

examples of transitional epithelium

A

1.renal pelvis
2.calyces
3.ureter
4.urinary bladder
5.proximal part of the urethra

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85
Q

characteristic feature of transitional epithelium

A

stretchability - it can change its size based in the presence or absence of medium

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86
Q

what are cell junctions

A

structural and functional links between cells that aid in cell to cell communication

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87
Q

types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions

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88
Q

tight junctions are seen in (1)
functions of tight junctions

A

sweat glands
to prevent leakage of substances from cells

89
Q

what is zonula occludens

A

it is a type of tight junction where zonula is a protein

90
Q

gap junctions are seen in (3)
function of gap junction

A

i) cardiac muscle - the half moon shaped intercalated discs of cardiac muscles have gap junctions
facilitates movement between cardiac muscles bi directionally
ii)single unit of smooth muscle
iii) inner cell mass of 8 celled stage of zygote

91
Q

what are the substances that move across cardiac muscle (3)

A

small ions
some big molecules
nerve impulses

92
Q

intercellular digitation:
seen in:

A

membrane is extended into finger like structures
placenta

93
Q

adhering junctions also known as

A

anchoring junction

94
Q

what are the cell layers seen in compound epithelium

A

upper layers can be squamous or cuboidal or coloumnar
it decides the type of epithelium
middle layer has polugonal or pearshaped cells
bottom layer is either cuboidal or columnar based on the location

95
Q

function of adhering junctions

A

it keeps the neighbouring cells together

96
Q

which is the most abundant tissue??

A

connective tissue

97
Q

fate of intercellular matrix in connective tissue

A

it is abundant and non living

98
Q

function of connective tissue

A

it ensures are organs are positioned without any dislocation by filling the space around organs and preventing their movement

99
Q

connective tissue is classified into

A

connective tissue proper and specialised connective tissue

100
Q

connective tissue proper is further classified into

A

loose and dense connective tissues

101
Q

what falls under specialised connective tissue

A

fluid connective tissue
and fluid connective tissue

102
Q

loose connective tissue consists of

A

areolar tissue and adipose tissue

103
Q

dense connective tissue consists of

A

dense regular and dense irregular tissues

104
Q

tendon and ligament fall under

A

dense regular connective tissue

105
Q

skeletal connective tissue consists of

A

bone and cartilage

106
Q

most abundant connective tissue in animal body

A

aerolar tissue

107
Q

what is aerolar tissue?

A

the tissue which joins skin to muscles

108
Q

where is areolar tissue present?

A

beneath the skin, around muscles,blood vessels and nerves

109
Q

types of cells present in areolar tissue

A

1.fibroblasts
2.macrophages
3.mast cells
4.mesenchymal cells
5.plasma cells

110
Q

fibroblasts function is to ______________

A

secrete fibres which form the matrix

111
Q

types of fibres

A

white collagen fibres
yellow elastic fibres
(type III collagen )reticular fibres

112
Q

which is the most abundant intercellular matrix in animal kingdom

A

collagen

113
Q

branched or unbranched
collagen:
elastic:
reticular:

A

unbranched
branched
branched’

114
Q

elastic fibres are seen in :

A

blood vessels

115
Q

elastic fibre composition in veins and arteries

A

in veins one layer of elastic fibres are present
in arteries two layers of elastic fibres are present

116
Q

what are reticular fibres

A

network like type III collagen surrounded by reticulin protein

117
Q

what are mesenchymal cells

A

these are a type of stem cells which later get converted into
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
and chondroblasts

118
Q

what is the funvtion of macrophages

A

they are phagocytic in nature

119
Q

what is the function of mast cells

A

they secrete histamine heparin and serotonin

120
Q

what is histamine?

A

it is a vasodilator and an inflammatory substance produced as a response to allergic reaction

121
Q

what is heparin?

A

mucopolysaccharide and anticoagulant

122
Q

what is serotonin?

A

vasoconstrictor

123
Q

which two of the secretions of mast cells can act as both inhibitory and excitatory

A

serotonin and histamine

124
Q

plasma cells function

A

secretes antibodies or immunoglobulins

125
Q

which is the fat storing connective tissue

A

adipose tissue

126
Q

what are the constituent cells of fat storing tissue
and what is their shape

A

fat cells or adipocytes
spherical or oval in shape

127
Q

functions of fat storing tissue

A

synthesise store and metabolise fat
fat reservoir
shock absorber

128
Q

where is fat storing tissue present?(6)

A

beneath the skin
around kidneys
heart
eye
bone marrow
in mesenteries

129
Q

white fat vs brown fat

A

less mitochondria single fat droplet white fat
more mitochondria many small fat droplets brown fat

130
Q

where is brown fat seen? (2)

A

new born babies
hibernating animals

131
Q

where is white fat seen?

A

adults
yellow bone marrow
blubber
camel hump

132
Q

dense connective tissue vs loose connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue has less fibres and more matrix
dense connective tissue has more fibes and less matrix

133
Q

basis of clasiffication for dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue

A

the pattern formed by the fibres and fibroblasts which are packed in the matrix

134
Q

tendons are made up of

A

whIte collagen fibres

135
Q

tendons link _____ to _______

A

bone to muscle

136
Q

ligaments are made up of

A

yellow collagen fibres and elasric fibres

137
Q

ligaments link ______ to _______

A

bone to bone

138
Q

____________ tissue forms supportive framework
____________ tissue forms internal frame work

A

areolar connective tissue
skeletal connective tissue

139
Q

dense irregular tissue is seen in

A

skin and covering of organs

140
Q

cartilage is made up of

A

hard and pliable avascular matrix
white collagen and yellow fibres
chondroblast, chondroclast and chondrocyte cells

141
Q

what are
immature cells of cartilage and bone
mature cells of cartilage and bone
macrophages of cartilage and bone

A
  1. chondroblast and osteoblasts
  2. chondrocytes and osteocytes
  3. chondroclasts and osteoclasts
142
Q

what does matrix of cartilage contain

A

1.hyaluronic acid
2. sulphate b phosphate also called chondrin (protein)

143
Q

what is the function of chondroblasts
chondrocytes
chondroclasts

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes release matrix of cartilage for growth
chondroclasts are responsible for resorption of embryonic cartilage

144
Q

position of chondroblast osteoblast and chondrocytes

A

chondroblast in outer periphery of cartilage
chondrocyte are present in lacuna of cartilage

145
Q

difference between chondroblast and chondrocyte

A

chondroblasts are immature and dividing cells
chondrocytes are mature and non dividing cells

146
Q

what is embryonic cartilage and what is its fate

A

hyaline cartilage it gets converted into bone after birth - the process is called resorption

147
Q

what is the vascular part of cartilage

A

perichondrium - the covering of cartilage
it is made up of dense irregular white fibrous connective tissue

148
Q

types of cartilage and characteristic feature

A

hyaline cartilage - most abundant and translucent
matrix w collagen fibres
elastin - matrix w yellow elastin fibres
fibrous - strongest and contain thick collagen fibres in matrix
only to lack perichondrium

149
Q

examples of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. c shape cartilage of upper respiratory tract
    2.septum of nose
  2. larynx
  3. coastal rib cartilage
    5.articulating cartilage
    5.epiphyseal cartilage
150
Q

examples of elastic cartilage

A
  1. tip of nose
    2.epiglottis
    3.pinna of ear
    4.eustachian tube of ear
151
Q

fibrous examples

A

1.intervertebral discs
2.pubic symphysis

152
Q

bone is made up of

A

hard and non pliable matrix
collagen fibres
osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte cells

153
Q

components and composition of bone matrix

A

components : organic (30-40%)
protien : ossein
fibres
ground substance : hyaluronic acid and chondrin 4
sulphate
inorganic (60-70%)
calcium carbonate 10%
clacium phosphate 85%
calcium hydroxide + mg k f ions = 5%

154
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes release matrix of cartilage for growth
osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of bone to maintain blood calcium levels

155
Q

position of osteoblast and osteocytes

A

osteoblast in outer periphery of cartilage
osteocytes are present in lacuna of cartilage

156
Q

difference between osteoblast and osteocyte

A

osteoblasts are immature and dividing cells
osteocytes are mature and non dividing cells

157
Q

difference in cartilage and bone

A
  1. catilage lacune can contain more than one chondrocytes\but bone lacunae has only one osteocyte
    2.collagen fibres are irregular in cartilage
    but circular in bone
  2. osteoblasts are present on both outer and inner periphery in bone
    whereas chondroblasts in cartilage are present only on outer periphery
158
Q

Types of bones and respective examples

A

1.replacing/cartilagenous bones
limbs,girdle etc;
2. dermal bone/membranous bones
skull, facial bone etc;
3. sesmoid bone
formed by osscification of tendon
patella bone

159
Q

types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal muscle
    - cylindrical
    -unbranched
    -multinucleated
    -striated
    -voluntary
  2. smooth muscle
    -spindle shaped
    -unbranched
    -uni nucleated
    - no striations
    -involuntary
    3.cardiac muscle
    -cylimdrical
    -branched
    - uninucleated
    -striated
    -involuntary
160
Q

smooth muscle example

A

single unit smooth muscle : all organs
multi unit smooth muscle : wall of large blood vessels
errector pilloram muscles of hair and skin
iris and ciliary muscles of eyes

161
Q

cardiac muscle

A

present only in heart
has gap junctions with intercalated discs
contracts as a single unit

162
Q

nervous tissue classification

A

it contains neurons and glial cells

163
Q

neurons

A

help in conduction of impulses
has excitability feature
does not divide
longest cells

164
Q

glial cells

A

supporting cells to neurons
help neurons in packing,nutrition,protection,repair

165
Q

types of glial cells

A
  1. Schwann cells - form myelin sheath in PNS
  2. oligodendrocyte cells - form myelin sheath in CNS
    3.microglial cells - phagocytic cells
  3. astrocyte cells - provide nutrition to neurons and acts as brain-blood barrier
166
Q

endoskeleton of cockroach

A

chitinous plates called sclerites

167
Q

sclerite structure

A

dorsal terga
ventral sterna
lateral pleuron
tego sternal muscles that connects terga and sterna
arthroidal memberane at four corners of a sclerite

168
Q

tergo sternal muscle funvtion

A

support and helps in respiration

169
Q

arthroidal membrane function

A

joins one sclerite to another

170
Q

covering of prothorax is calles

A

pronotum

171
Q

segmentation of cockroach body

A

head 6segs in embryo and single segment in adult
thorax three segments in both embryo and adult
abdomen 11 segments in embryo but 10 in bothe male adn female adult

172
Q

mouth parts

A

biting and chewing type
1.labrum upper lip
2.labium lower lip
3.hypopharynx tongue
4.maxilla pair sensory pulp w segments
5.mandible pair chitinous teeth facilitate biting and chewing

173
Q

sensory structures

A

a pair of simple eyes called as ocelli (vestigial)
a pair of compound eyes (vision)
a pair of filiform antennae (sensing environment)
maxillary palps
labial palps

174
Q

position of head

A

hypognathus : present at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body

175
Q

antenna

A

paired and segmented
helps in maintaining the environment

176
Q

unit of compound eyes and type of vision in cockroaches

A

ommatidia are ubit of compund eyes of cockroach and the vision seen in cockroach is mosiac vision
2000 ommatidia per eye are present
hexagon in shape

177
Q

Image formed in cockroach

A

apposition image (non overlapping)

178
Q

segmentation of thorax

A

prothorax
mesothorax
metathorax

179
Q

segmentation of cockroach legs

A

coxa
trocanter
femur
tibia
tarsus = 5 last one is called arolium

180
Q

legs and wings

A

each segment of thorax gives rise to a pair of legs
fore wings from mesothorax
and hind wings from metathorax

181
Q

fore wings and hindwings

A

fore wings are strong and thick opaque and dark
used for protection
hind wings are light translucent and membranous
are used for flight

182
Q

anal styles

A

one pair, unsegmented
present only in male cockroach
present on 9th segmented
helps in copulation

183
Q

anal cerci

A

one pair has 15 segments
present in both male and female
present on 10th segments
help in sensation

184
Q

genital chamber in female

A

7+8+9 ventral sterna form brood pouch
7th segment is boat shaped and large
anteriorly it bears female gonopore, spermatheca opening and opening of collaterl glands
posteriorly it coontais gonopophysis/chitinious plates

185
Q

genital chamber in male

A

ventrally 9 sterna and dorsally 9th and 10th terga together form genital pouch
on anterior dorsally anus is present
on posterior ventrally male genital pore and external genitalia are present

186
Q

where to where? and origin
foregut
midgut
hindgut

A

foregut: mouth to gizzard , ectodermal
midgut, endodermal
hindgut: ileum - rectum ectodermal

187
Q

hepatic cecae

A

6-8 in umber resent at the junction of foregut and midgut
releases digestive juice that contains carbohydrate,fat and protein digesting enzymes

188
Q

gizzard is also called as

A

proventriculus

189
Q

gizzard function

A

helps in grinding of food

190
Q

gizzard anatomy

A

on outer layer it consists of thick circular muscles and on inner layer it contains 6 chitinous teeth which together help in grinding of food

191
Q

peritrophic membrane

A

this is a layer secreted around food by wall of midgut to protecting layer around food which is permeable for enzymes and digested food

192
Q

Malpighian tubules -

A

found at the junction of midgut and hind gut
present in 100-150 in number and are excretory in function

193
Q

rectal papillae

A

6 rectal papillae are present in rectum for absorption of water

194
Q

blood of cockroach

A

heamolymph : contains colourless hameocytes which lack respiratory pigment

195
Q

heart of cockroach

A

13 chambered (funnel shaped chambers)
elongated tubular structure
lies along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen

196
Q

sinuses of haemocoel

A

pericardial : heart
perivisceral : organs
perineural : nerve cord

197
Q

chamber description

A

each chamber has a pair of opening called ostia which supports passing blood on to next chamber except the last pair so 12 pairs of ostia are present (absent in prothoracic region)

and on either sides of each chamber there are muscles called alary muscles except on last chamber

198
Q

respiratory system in cockroach

A

tracheal system - network of respiratory tubules that open out through openings called spiracles

199
Q

no of spiracles

A

2 pairs in thorax
8 pairs in abdomen
10 pairs in total

200
Q

exchange of gases

A

exchange of gases takes place by diffusion at tracheoles

201
Q

muscles in respiration

A

terga sternal muscles
contract : expiration
relax: inspiration

202
Q

tissue present in Malpighian tubules

A

glandular and columnar ciliated epithelial tissue’

203
Q

excretory organs in cockroaches

A

1.fat bodies
2.uricose gland (present only in male)
3.nephrocytes
4.malphigian tubules

204
Q

1.final excretory product
2.excretory product release by tissue/first absorbed by malpighian tubule
3. mechanism of excretion in malpighian acid

A

1.uric acid - uricotelic
2. potassium urate
3. potassium urate breaks into potassium bi carbonate and uric acid
uric acid is excreted and ret is reabsorbed

205
Q

nerve system

A

9 ganglia
3 ganglia in thorax called supra esophageal ganglia (brain)
6 ganglia in abdomen called sub esophageal ganglia(nerve cord)

206
Q

nerve cord

A

double ventral solid nerve cord

207
Q

testes

A

3-4 lobed
present in 4-6 segments
open into vas deferens

208
Q

mushroom gland

A

6-7 segments
long tubules : storage of nutrition in spermatophore
short tubules: secretes inner layer of spermatophore
seminal vesicles : stores spermatophores

209
Q

phallic gland and ejaculatory duct

A

phallic gland : releases outer layer of spermatophore
ejaculatory duct : releases middle layer of spermatophore

210
Q

external genitalia in male cockroach

A

right phallomere
left phallomere
ventral phallomere
titllator
pseudopenis

211
Q

ovary

A

paired structure
each ovary contains 8 ovarioles : 16 ovarioles in total

212
Q

spermatheca

A

paired structure
present in 6th segment
stores sperm

213
Q

collateral glands

A

release oothecae : dark reddish brown capsules

214
Q

no of ootheca released

A

9-10ootheca are released by a cockroach each ootheca cotains 14-16 eggs

215
Q

diameter of ootheca

A

8mm

216
Q

development of periplaneta americana

A

paurometabolous development

217
Q

juvenile stage of p.americana

A

nymph : look similar to adult
has wing pads but no wings and gonads

218
Q

no. of moultings for nymph to become adult

A

13 moultings

Zoology (1 decks)

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