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BIO422 > ANIMAL TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY > Flashcards

ANIMAL TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY Flashcards

1
Q

all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a single cell

A

protoplasmic grade

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2
Q

aggregation of cells that are differentiated

A

cellular grade

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3
Q

group of cells functioning as one, aggregation of similar cells into definite PATTERNS OR LAYERS and orgranized

A

cell-tissue grade

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4
Q

aggregation of tissues that form organs

A

tissue-organ grade

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5
Q

organs working tgt to perform some functions, highest level of organization

A

organ system

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6
Q

father of taxonomy

A

carolus linnaeus

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7
Q

4 types of body symmetry

A

spherical, biradial, radial, bilateral

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8
Q

any plane passing through its center divides it into two identical halves, mirrored if cut in half, typically found in some protozoans

A

spherical symmetry

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9
Q

The organism can be divided into two identical halves along two planes, usually at right angles, Example: Ctenophores (comb jellies)

A

biradial symmetry

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10
Q

symmetry can be divided into identical halves by multiple planes passing through the central axis, Example: Starfish, jellyfish, and sea urchins

A

radial symmetry

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11
Q

when an organism can be divided into two identical halves by only one plane, typically down the middle. This is the most common type of symmetry in animals, including humans.

A

bilateral symmetry

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12
Q

planes of symmetry go

A

anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, distal, proximal, frontal/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, transverse/axial

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13
Q

layers of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity

A

blastula

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14
Q

no external opening and does not serve as a gut

A

blastocoel

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15
Q

“coel”

A

spaces/hollow/cavity

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16
Q

the stage where one side inwards, making a depression

A

gastrula

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17
Q

when the gastrula becomes a gut activity

A

gastrocoel/archenteron

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18
Q

external openings of the depression, typically becomes the adult mouth and anus

A

blastopore

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19
Q

the gut lining/innermost germ layer

A

endoderm

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20
Q

outermost layers of cells surrounding the blastocoel

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

third/middle germ layer filled with fluid

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

blastopore becomes mouth

A

protostomes

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23
Q

blastopore becomes anus

A

deuterostomes

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24
Q

two germ layers

A

diploblastic

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25
Q

mesoderm fills the blastocoel, no coelom

A

acoelomate

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26
Q

mesoderm lines one side of the blastocoel, false coelom

A

pseudocoelomate

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27
Q

2 true coeloms

A

schizocoelous coelomate and enterocoelous coelomate

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28
Q

band of mesoderm surrounds gut and then splits open

A

schizocoelous coelomate

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29
Q

mesodermal pouch surrounds gut

A

enterocoelous coelomate

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30
Q

important structures become concentrated in the anterior or head region of an organism

A

cephalization

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31
Q

common in metazoans, serial repetition of body segments in a longitudinal axis

A

segmentation(metamerism)

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32
Q

refer to the repeated segments along the body of an organism

A

metamere/somite

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33
Q

group of cells specialized for performance of a common function

A

tissue

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34
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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35
Q

sheet of cells that covers an internal/external surface of the animal body

A

epithelium

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36
Q

lining for all organs and ducts, as well as passageways

A

internal epithelium

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37
Q

flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces where it permit gas diffusion

A

simple squamous epithelium

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38
Q

cells that lines small ducts and tubules (kidney and salivary glands)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

39
Q

resembles cuboidal epithelium but the cells are taller and usually have elongated nuclei; occurs on high absorptive surfaces (intestinal tract of most animals)

A

simple columnar epithelium

40
Q

tissue that consists of two to many layers adapted to withstand mild mechanical abrasion and distortion

A

stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

junctional complexes found between stratified squamous cells where they resist epithelial distortion

A

desmosomes

42
Q

specialized to accommodate great stretching; occurs in the urinary tract and bladder or vertebrates

A

transitional epithelium

43
Q

diverse group of tissues that serve various binding and supportive functions

A

connective tissues

44
Q

where all the fibers are suspended in the connective tissues

A

ground substance

45
Q

many of the fibers of the connective tissue are composed of

46
Q

most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

47
Q

“packing material” of the body that anchors vessels, nerves, and body organs

A

loose areolar connective tissue

48
Q

what does loose (areolar) connective tissue have

A

fibroblasts

49
Q

connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, and fasciae

A

dense connective tissues

50
Q

give other types of specialized connective tissues

A
  • blood lymph (vascular tissue composed of plasma)
  • adipose (fat)
  • cartilage (firm matrix containing cells (chondrocytes) located in pockets called lacunae
  • bone (strongest connective tissue composed of a calcified matrix (osteocytes) containing salts organized around collagen fibers
51
Q

strongest connective tissue

52
Q

composed of a calcified matrix (osteocytes) containing salts organized around collagen fibers

53
Q

the most abundant tissue in the body of most animals

54
Q

originates from the mesoderm

55
Q

muscle tissue that appears transversely striped with alternating dark and light bands

A

striated muscle

56
Q

muscle tissue that occurs in both vertebrate and invertebrates

A

skeletal muscle

57
Q

muscle tissue composed of extremely long, cylindrical fibers which are multinucleate cells

A

skeletal muscle

58
Q

often called the voluntary muscle because it contracts when stimulated by nerves

A

skeletal muscle

59
Q

muscle tissue only found in the vertebrate heart

A

cardiac muscle

60
Q

its cells are much shorter than those of skeletal tissue and are uninucleate

A

cardiac muscle

61
Q

junctional complexes that connect fibers with individual cells in the cardiac muscle

A

intercalated discs

62
Q

muscle tissue only found in invertebrates, diagonally arranged muscle fibers, slower contraction

A

obliquely striated

63
Q

muscle tissue that lacks the characteristic alternating bands of the striated type, long and tapering with each cell being uninucleate

A

smooth (visceral)

64
Q

most common type of muscle in invertebrates

A

smooth (visceral)

65
Q

in vertebrates, this type of muscle surrounds blood vessels and internal organs

A

smooth (visceral)

66
Q

type of muscle that serves as body-wall musculature and surrounds ducts and sphincters

A

smooth (visceral)

67
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fibers

A

sarcoplasm

68
Q

contractile proteins within the fiber

A

myofibrils

69
Q

tissue specialized for reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one region to another

A

nervous tissue

70
Q

basic functional unit of the nervous tissue

71
Q

nucleated body of a neuron

72
Q

receives electrical signals from the receptors or other nerve cells

73
Q

carries signals away from the cell body to other cells

A

axon/nerve fiber

74
Q

increases the speed at which electrical signals are transmitted along the axon

A

myelin sheath

75
Q

specialized junctions the separate neurons

76
Q

insulates neuron membranes and serves various support functions

77
Q

system for naming and classifying species following the principle of common descent

A

taxonomy and systematics

78
Q

first classified organisms based on structural similarities

79
Q

designed the current system of classification

A

carolus linneaus

80
Q

used morphology to develop a classification system of animals and plants

A

systema naturae

81
Q

comparative study of organismal form

A

morphology

82
Q

divided animal kingdom into species and gave each a distinctive name

A

linnaean taxonomy

83
Q

animals are arranged in an ascending series of groups with increased inclusiveness

A

linnaean taxonomy

84
Q

major animal groups at each level in the hierarchy

85
Q

indicate the general degree of inclusiveness per group

A

taxonomic ranks

86
Q

seven major taxonomic ranks

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

87
Q

genus, specific epithet

A

binomial nomenclature

88
Q

what is the genus in binomial nomenclature

A

noun, always capitalized

89
Q

what is the species epithet in binomial nomenclature

90
Q

two types of geographic range

A

cosmopolitan and endemic

91
Q

large geographic ranges

A

cosmopolitan

92
Q

restricted geographic distribution

93
Q

distribution through time which is variable per species

A

evolutionary duration

94
Q

what principle is followed by taxonomy and systematics

A

principle of common descent

BIO422 (1 decks)

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