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BIO422 > ANIMAL TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY > Flashcards

ANIMAL TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY Flashcards

1
Q

all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a single cell

A

protoplasmic grade

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2
Q

aggregation of cells that are differentiated

A

cellular grade

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3
Q

group of cells functioning as one, aggregation of similar cells into definite PATTERNS OR LAYERS and orgranized

A

cell-tissue grade

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4
Q

aggregation of tissues that form organs

A

tissue-organ grade

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5
Q

organs working tgt to perform some functions, highest level of organization

A

organ system

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6
Q

father of taxonomy

A

carolus linnaeus

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7
Q

4 types of body symmetry

A

spherical, biradial, radial, bilateral

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8
Q

any plane passing through its center divides it into two identical halves, mirrored if cut in half, typically found in some protozoans

A

spherical symmetry

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9
Q

The organism can be divided into two identical halves along two planes, usually at right angles, Example: Ctenophores (comb jellies)

A

biradial symmetry

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10
Q

symmetry can be divided into identical halves by multiple planes passing through the central axis, Example: Starfish, jellyfish, and sea urchins

A

radial symmetry

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11
Q

when an organism can be divided into two identical halves by only one plane, typically down the middle. This is the most common type of symmetry in animals, including humans.

A

bilateral symmetry

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12
Q

planes of symmetry go

A

anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, distal, proximal, frontal/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, transverse/axial

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13
Q

layers of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity

A

blastula

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14
Q

no external opening and does not serve as a gut

A

blastocoel

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15
Q

“coel”

A

spaces/hollow/cavity

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16
Q

the stage where one side inwards, making a depression

A

gastrula

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17
Q

when the gastrula becomes a gut activity

A

gastrocoel/archenteron

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18
Q

external openings of the depression, typically becomes the adult mouth and anus

A

blastopore

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19
Q

the gut lining/innermost germ layer

A

endoderm

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20
Q

outermost layers of cells surrounding the blastocoel

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

third/middle germ layer filled with fluid

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

blastopore becomes mouth

A

protostomes

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23
Q

blastopore becomes anus

A

deuterostomes

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24
Q

two germ layers

A

diploblastic

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25
mesoderm fills the blastocoel, no coelom
acoelomate
26
mesoderm lines one side of the blastocoel, false coelom
pseudocoelomate
27
2 true coeloms
schizocoelous coelomate and enterocoelous coelomate
28
band of mesoderm surrounds gut and then splits open
schizocoelous coelomate
29
mesodermal pouch surrounds gut
enterocoelous coelomate
30
important structures become concentrated in the anterior or head region of an organism
cephalization
31
common in metazoans, serial repetition of body segments in a longitudinal axis
segmentation(metamerism)
32
refer to the repeated segments along the body of an organism
metamere/somite
33
group of cells specialized for performance of a common function
tissue
34
study of tissues
histology
35
sheet of cells that covers an internal/external surface of the animal body
epithelium
36
lining for all organs and ducts, as well as passageways
internal epithelium
37
flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces where it permit gas diffusion
simple squamous epithelium
38
cells that lines small ducts and tubules (kidney and salivary glands)
simple cuboidal epithelium
39
resembles cuboidal epithelium but the cells are taller and usually have elongated nuclei; occurs on high absorptive surfaces (intestinal tract of most animals)
simple columnar epithelium
40
tissue that consists of two to many layers adapted to withstand mild mechanical abrasion and distortion
stratified squamous epithelium
41
junctional complexes found between stratified squamous cells where they resist epithelial distortion
desmosomes
42
specialized to accommodate great stretching; occurs in the urinary tract and bladder or vertebrates
transitional epithelium
43
diverse group of tissues that serve various binding and supportive functions
connective tissues
44
where all the fibers are suspended in the connective tissues
ground substance
45
many of the fibers of the connective tissue are composed of
collagen
46
most abundant protein in the animal kingdom
collagen
47
"packing material" of the body that anchors vessels, nerves, and body organs
loose areolar connective tissue
48
what does loose (areolar) connective tissue have
fibroblasts
49
connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, and fasciae
dense connective tissues
50
give other types of specialized connective tissues
- blood lymph (vascular tissue composed of plasma) - adipose (fat) - cartilage (firm matrix containing cells (chondrocytes) located in pockets called lacunae - bone (strongest connective tissue composed of a calcified matrix (osteocytes) containing salts organized around collagen fibers
51
strongest connective tissue
bone
52
composed of a calcified matrix (osteocytes) containing salts organized around collagen fibers
bone
53
the most abundant tissue in the body of most animals
muscle
54
originates from the mesoderm
muscle
55
muscle tissue that appears transversely striped with alternating dark and light bands
striated muscle
56
muscle tissue that occurs in both vertebrate and invertebrates
skeletal muscle
57
muscle tissue composed of extremely long, cylindrical fibers which are multinucleate cells
skeletal muscle
58
often called the voluntary muscle because it contracts when stimulated by nerves
skeletal muscle
59
muscle tissue only found in the vertebrate heart
cardiac muscle
60
its cells are much shorter than those of skeletal tissue and are uninucleate
cardiac muscle
61
junctional complexes that connect fibers with individual cells in the cardiac muscle
intercalated discs
62
muscle tissue only found in invertebrates, diagonally arranged muscle fibers, slower contraction
obliquely striated
63
muscle tissue that lacks the characteristic alternating bands of the striated type, long and tapering with each cell being uninucleate
smooth (visceral)
64
most common type of muscle in invertebrates
smooth (visceral)
65
in vertebrates, this type of muscle surrounds blood vessels and internal organs
smooth (visceral)
66
type of muscle that serves as body-wall musculature and surrounds ducts and sphincters
smooth (visceral)
67
cytoplasm of muscle fibers
sarcoplasm
68
contractile proteins within the fiber
myofibrils
69
tissue specialized for reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one region to another
nervous tissue
70
basic functional unit of the nervous tissue
neurons
71
nucleated body of a neuron
soma
72
receives electrical signals from the receptors or other nerve cells
dendrites
73
carries signals away from the cell body to other cells
axon/nerve fiber
74
increases the speed at which electrical signals are transmitted along the axon
myelin sheath
75
specialized junctions the separate neurons
synapses
76
insulates neuron membranes and serves various support functions
neuroglia
77
system for naming and classifying species following the principle of common descent
taxonomy and systematics
78
first classified organisms based on structural similarities
aristotle
79
designed the current system of classification
carolus linneaus
80
used morphology to develop a classification system of animals and plants
systema naturae
81
comparative study of organismal form
morphology
82
divided animal kingdom into species and gave each a distinctive name
linnaean taxonomy
83
animals are arranged in an ascending series of groups with increased inclusiveness
linnaean taxonomy
84
major animal groups at each level in the hierarchy
taxa
85
indicate the general degree of inclusiveness per group
taxonomic ranks
86
seven major taxonomic ranks
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
87
genus, specific epithet
binomial nomenclature
88
what is the genus in binomial nomenclature
noun, always capitalized
89
what is the species epithet in binomial nomenclature
adjective
90
two types of geographic range
cosmopolitan and endemic
91
large geographic ranges
cosmopolitan
92
restricted geographic distribution
endemic
93
distribution through time which is variable per species
evolutionary duration
94
what principle is followed by taxonomy and systematics
principle of common descent

BIO422 (1 decks)

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